tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18194713290734813092024-03-14T02:05:23.097-07:00quimica 1ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-6265961442201660542012-05-07T16:42:00.001-07:002012-05-07T16:42:18.450-07:00Práctica de laboratorio FERMENTACION LACTEA<br />
<h3 style="margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PRACTICA: FERMENTACION LACTEA</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<strong><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OBJETIVO:</span></strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<i><span style="background: white;">Formación de queso,
identificando:</span><br />
</i><span style="background: white;">-glúcidos<br />
<span style="background: white;">-proteínas solubles</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">-reconocimiento de la naturaleza proteica de la caseína<br />
<span style="background: white;">-reacción xantoproteica</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">-reacción de biuret</span></span><strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
</span></strong><strong><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">ANTECEDENTES:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cuando
se deja un recipiente con leche sin refrigerar por espacio de unos días, la composición
de ésta cambia, se empieza a formar un sólido (especie de cuajo) y su sabor
cambia, se agria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">¿Alguna
vez has agregado unas gotas de limón a un vaso de leche? Sí <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> ¿Qué sucede? Se forma queso; claro con un
sabor a limón <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">¿Cómo
explicas lo que provoca el jugo de limones? Se debe a las propiedades que tiene
tiene un limón en cuanto a el ácido que presenta su jugo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /><strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HIPOTESIS:</span></strong><br />
<span style="background: white;">en la leche esta formada por glucidos, proteinas
solubles (caseina)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">MATERIALES:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading2Accent3" style="border-bottom-color: currentcolor; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: currentcolor; border-right-color: currentcolor; border-style: initial; border-top-color: currentcolor; border-width: initial;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<h6 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 517; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Material<o:p></o:p></span></b></h6>
</td>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<h2 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 72.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Sustancias<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 Vaso de
precipitados de 1000 mL</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 bureta
de 250 mL</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 litro
de leche entera</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 mechero
bunsen</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Disolución de Cloruro de calcio al 50
%</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1
termómetro de alcohol</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Agua
destilada</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2 vasos
de precipitados, uno de 250 mL y otro de 50 mL</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cloruro de sodio</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 soporte
Universal completo</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1
cuchillo</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Disolución 0.1 M de NaOH</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 m<sup>2</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>de manta</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Indicador
Universal</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 canasta
para queso</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Papel pH</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 cuchara
de madera</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #9BBB59; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-image: initial; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>probeta de 100 mL</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-image: initial; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PROCEDIMIENTO:</span></strong><br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Formación de queso:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-vaciar
500 ml de leche en un vaso de precipitado de 1000 ml (pocillo) y calentar a 37º
C durante 5 minutos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-tomar
10 ml de la disolución preparada de cloruro de calcio y agregarlo a la leche,
continuar agitando.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<img height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-110c4Fb01jo/T5y6LYJp3qI/AAAAAAAAAOE/uoOxA9q6XUE/s320/27-04-12-21-00.jpg" width="320" />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-agregar
de 5 a 10 gotas de cuajo liquido, agitar y suspender el calentamiento.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-dejar
reposar por espacio de media hora.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-en la
superficie del queso formado colocar una cuchara pequeña de madera y si no se
hunde indicara que está listo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-cortar
la cuajada en trozos aproximados de 1 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-colocar
la manta sobre un vaso y pasar el queso a la manta para que escurra el suero.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<img height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KrSoN8l6S2s/T5y61W7lEwI/AAAAAAAAAOM/lm9lT7ycfWE/s320/27-04-12-21-09.jpg" width="320" />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-una vez
separado el suero del queso, agregar un poco de di cloruro de sodio y mezclar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-pasarlo
a un recipiente previamente humedecido, esperar que se escurra y estará listo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Preparaciones:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-para preparar el suero que se utilizara para
los demás procedimientos, exprimir un limón en un recipiente con leche<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-después filtrar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sP3N_LL4Gw0/T5y7stPzw9I/AAAAAAAAAOU/Fab2reHlWE8/s320/27-04-12-21-01(001).jpg" width="320" />
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<img height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tGAHgjF5ZdQ/T5y76nIciHI/AAAAAAAAAOc/tmiykhkkUaY/s320/27-04-12-21-02.jpg" width="320" />
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">El limón
hace que la leche se corte, así se separe la caseína y la materia grasa,
quedando el suero<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reconocimiento de glúcidos<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-mezclar en un tubo de ensaye 1 ml de solución
de Fehling A con un 1 ml de solución de Fehling B (reactivo de Fehling)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-en otro
tubo de ensaye poner 1 ml de suero (el que se filtro) y añadir 1 ml de reactivo
de Fehling, agitar para mezclar y calentar a baño maría.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<img height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pdkp9Cv87dg/T5zCWa0iSjI/AAAAAAAAAPA/Z0ZQYKgi0SA/s320/27-04-12-21-03.jpg" width="320" /> <img height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2bzPr6db_Ok/T5y-QoXHB1I/AAAAAAAAAOs/hbJZb3CpvnY/s320/27-04-12-21-05.jpg" style="line-height: 13.5pt;" width="320" /></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<br />
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Éste es el reactivo Fehling.</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Al
terminar el baño maría, se observo un color rojo ladrillo, que significa que si
hay presencia de glúcidos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">reconocimiento de a naturaleza proteica de la
caseína<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-recoger con una espátula la porción de queso
separada (caseína), ponerlo en un papel filtro seco, con el mismo papel
presionar el sólido hasta que quede seco.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reacción xantoproteica (presencia de la cantidad
de proteínas solubles)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-colocar en un tubo de ensaye una pequeña porción
de la caseína seca, agregar unas gotas de acido nítrico y calentar a baño maría
unos segundos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<img height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uhODdjRPmQo/T5zJCmtl1vI/AAAAAAAAAPc/f4BMZ_XBnEw/s320/27-04-12-21-08.jpg" width="320" />
</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">El ácido
nítrico concentrado reacciona con los grupos aromáticos de proteínas solubles
formando compuestos aromáticos nitrosos de color amarillo, así la identificación
de proteínas solubles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reacción de Biuret (presencia de proteínas)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-agregar en un tubo de ensaye una porción de caseína
y añadir 1 ml de hidróxido de sodio al 40 % y agitar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">-agregar
unas gotas de sulfato de cobre 0.001 M.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">El color
violáceo indicara la presencia proteica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<img height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NIqHAqM7nDc/T5zI86wygtI/AAAAAAAAAPU/en6UT1M5Ids/s320/27-04-12-21-07(001).jpg" width="320" />
</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">El
reactivo de Biuret es una solución de sulfato de cobre en medio alcalino (por
la presencia de NaOH), formándose un complejo de coordinación violeta gracias a
la reacción del Cu con los electrones libres en N del enlace pepitídico.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">CONCLUSION:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Comprobamos
que la leche está formada por glúcidos, que se identificaron y proteínas
solubles (caseína) que igualmente se identificaron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-75131353918902876142012-05-07T15:06:00.001-07:002012-05-07T15:06:21.572-07:00PRACTICA DE LABORATORIO: ¿QUE SON LAS VITAMINAS?<br />
<h3 align="center" style="background: white; margin-top: 15.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PRACTICA DE LABORATORIO: ¿QUE SON LAS VITAMINAS?</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">OBJETIVO:</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
identificar en alimentos la presencia de vitamina C (alimentos frescos como
frutas y alimentos preparados)<br />
<br />
<strong>ANTECEDENTES:</strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Las
vitaminas pertenecen a uno de los grupos constituyentes de los alimentos que
provocan mas controversias, debido al gran desconocimiento de su función. Las
vitaminas adquirieron importancia cuando se observo que la carencia de éstas
sustancias en la dieta provocaban cuadros dramaticos. Enfermedades como el
rataquísmo, beriberi, entre muchas. Por ello ¿que son las vitaminas? ¿Como las
adquirimos? ¿Como las procesamos? ¿Como las conservamos?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">La vitamina C es un<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nutriente
esencial</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">para los mamíferos.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>La
presencia de esta vitamina es requerida para un cierto número de<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">reacciones metabólicas</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">en todos los animales y plantas y es creada internamente por casi todos
los organismos, siendo los humanos una notable excepción. Su deficiencia causa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">escorbuto</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">en humanos,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>de ahí
el nombre de<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">ascórbico</i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span>que se le da al ácido. Es también
ampliamente usado como<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aditivo
alimentario</span>.<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Analizaremos
la "Vitamina C"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<strong>HIPOTESIS:</strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en
los alimentos como la guayaba, el limón, la naranja y en un alimento enlatado
(jugo de manzana) hay vitamina c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<strong>MATERIAL:</strong><br />
<strong>-</strong>1 cuchara<br />
-1 agitador<br />
-1 gotero<br />
-1 mechero de bunsen<br />
-3 vasos de precipitado de 400 ml<br />
-1 vaso de precipitado de 600 ml<br />
-1 mortero<br />
-4 tubos de ensaye<br />
-1 guayaba<br />
-1 limon<br />
-1 naranja<br />
-jugo de manzana enlatado<br />
<br />
sustancias:<br />
-maicena<br />
-agua<br />
-yodo<br />
-tableta de vitamina C (acido ascórbico)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<img height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-urifeZokxF0/T53fNPCZ5KI/AAAAAAAAAPw/OHJW2KXgRUo/s320/29-04-12-16-51.jpg" width="320" />
</div>
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</div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PROCEDIMIENTO:</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">El profesor tendrá preparado una disolución
de prueba con la que trabajaras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-si
la pastilla de vitamina C no es efervescente colocarla en un mortero y
triturarla hasta hacerla polvo, después agregarla a un vaso de precipitado contenido
100 ml de agua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Si
no tienes pastilla efervescente únicamente agregarla al vaso de precipitado con
agua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-en
otro vaso de precipitado agregar la disolución prueba preparada por tu profesor
( agua con maicena y unas gotas de yodo)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-con
e gotero agregar una gota de la disolución de vitamina C (vaso 1) en la disolución
prueba y agitar. Continuar agregando gotas hasta que ocurra el cambio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-observar
el color de la disolución de prueba una vez que se agrega la disolución de la
vitamina C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-eliminar
el contenido de todos los vasos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Esa
será la disolución prueba para trabajar con los alimentos traídos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<img height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sU4XaLGEOqc/T53fHcfYmPI/AAAAAAAAAPo/OdQAHmF8Ql8/s320/29-04-12-16-52.jpg" width="320" />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Guayaba<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">machacar la
guayaba en el mortero<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-en un tubo de ensaye colocar un poco
de disolución prueba con unas gotas de yodo y colocar un pedazo de
guayaba<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Limón<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-en un tubo de ensaye colocar un poco
de disolución prueba con unas gotas de yodo y añadir unas gotas de limón<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Naranja<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-en un tubo de ensaye colocar un poco
de la disolución prueba con unas gotas de yodo y añadir unas gotas de jugo de
naranja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jugo de manzana enlatado<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-en un tubo de ensaye colocar un poco
de la disolución prueba y colocar unas gotas de yodo y añadir unas gotas del
jugo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>OBSERVACIONES:</strong><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">La imagen de abajo muestra la disolución prueba
(muestra testigo) comparada con cada uno de los alimentos anteriores.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<img height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3seaWlHlqD4/T53hJpUtGUI/AAAAAAAAAP4/PHlicJgoE2Y/s320/29-04-12-16-51(001).jpg" width="320" /> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">TABLA
DE ALIMENTOS ANALIZADOS:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading2Accent4" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 639px;">
<colgroup><col style="width: 92pt;" width="123"></col><col style="width: 137pt;" width="182"></col><col style="width: 115pt;" width="153"></col><col style="width: 136pt;" width="181"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #8064A2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<strong><span style="color: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: background1;">ALIMENTO FRESCO</span></strong><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #8064A2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="top" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: background1;">CONTENIDO DE VITAMINA C</span></strong><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #8064A2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.0pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: background1;">ALIMENTO PROCESADO</span></strong><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #8064A2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: background1;">CONTENIDO DE VITAMINA C</span></strong><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #8064A2; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;">guayaba</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
SI<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
jugo de mazana<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
SI <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #8064A2; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;">limón</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
SI<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Galletas “saladitas”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #8064A2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;">naranja</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
SI<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">yogurt <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>CONCLUSION:</strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">En
los alimentos analizados, pudimos encontrar que la mayoría tenían vitamina C (a
excepción de las galletas y el yogurt) ya que el color de los resultados era
igual al de la de la disolución prueba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Con
esto; podemos decir que la hipótesis era correcta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<br />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-67671845690730243672012-05-07T14:17:00.001-07:002012-05-07T14:17:06.271-07:00Ultimo Trabajo<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Lista de alimentos que consumí
durante 3 días<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 2.75pt; width: 639px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 4.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.5pt; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 4.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Viernes<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 4.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sábado<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 4.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Domingo<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 Vaso de leche</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 licuado (500 ml).</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 vaso de leche (300 ml).</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 Galletas </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 torta de salchicha</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2 piezas de pollo rostizado</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 Boing (250ml).</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 l. De Agua de Frutas </span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3 Tortillas</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 Coctel de Frutas </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Cereal con leche </span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 vaso de refresco (250 ml).</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2 Pandotas (dulces)</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.95pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 bolsa de palomitas (200 g).</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.95pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 Vaso de yogurt (250 ml)</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 ½ lts. De agua simple</span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 Plato de cereal con leche </span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 4.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1 Gelatina de limón</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199"></td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218"></td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 149.55pt;" valign="top" width="199"></td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 163.4pt;" valign="top" width="218"></td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.7pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 166.1pt;" valign="top" width="221"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 3pt; width: 645px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="6" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 484.1pt;" valign="top" width="645">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="6" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.2pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 484.1pt;" valign="top" width="645">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Grupo de
alimentos de acuerdo al <b><i>“Plato del buen comer</i></b>”<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td colspan="6" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 484.1pt;" valign="top" width="645">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 57.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Alimento<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Verduras y
frutas<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Cereales<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Leguminosas
y alimentos de origen animal<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Otros<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.3pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Total<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Leche <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Galletas<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Boing<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Coctel de
Frutas<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Pandotas
(dulces)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Agua
Simple<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Licuado<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Torta de
salchicha<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Agua de
Frutas<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Cereal con
Leche<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Palomitas<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Pollo
rostizado<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Tortillas<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Refresco
de toronja<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
yogurt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Gelatina
de Limón<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Total<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
26<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.2pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Porcentaje<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>11.54<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>26.92<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>34.62<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>26.92<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>100%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"></td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" width="113"></td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" width="113"></td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" width="113"></td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" width="95"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" width="113"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" width="113"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 84.65pt;" width="113"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt;" width="95"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 15.9pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Con base en los
resultados obtenidos, responde las siguientes preguntas: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 15.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 33.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">¿Qué grupo o grupos de alimentos consumes en
mayor proporción? <b><i>Las leguminosas y alimentos de
origen animal<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 15.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 15.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">b. ¿Qué grupo o grupos de alimentos requieres
incrementar, para tener una dieta equilibrada, de acuerdo con el <i>Plato del
bien comer</i>? <b><i>Sin duda, las frutas y verduras;
pues son el grupo alimenticio más saludable y es el que se debe consumir en
mayor proporción<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><br /></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><br /></i></b></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-23097017978848357322012-05-07T13:41:00.000-07:002012-05-07T13:41:29.221-07:00PRÁCTICA DE LABORATORIO: ¿QUE ES EL PAN?<br />
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2829903971875375194" itemprop="articleBody" style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 550px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> PRÁCTICA DE LABORATORIO: ¿QUE ES EL PAN?<o:p></o:p></span></i></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">OBJETIVO:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-identificar la presencia de sales en el
pan. (cloruros, fosfatos)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-analizar de los glúcidos (azucares, almidón)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-analizar los lípidos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-análisis de prótidos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ANTECEDENTES:</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Los alimentos permiten generar los
tejidos del cuerpo y le suministra energía.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Comprenden las sustancias que se han
clasificado como glúcidos, grasas, proteínas, minerales y vitaminas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">El cuerpo humano está constituido únicamente
de los elementos químicos que están contenidos en su alimentación.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MATERIALES:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<br />
-1 gradilla<br />
-6 tubos de ensaye<br />
-1 mechero de alcohol<br />
-pinzas para tuvo de ensaye<br />
-un pan<br />
-un vaso de precipitado<br />
- cerillos<br /><br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sustancias:<br />
-agua destilada<br />
-nitrato de plata 0.1 N<br />
-cloruro de bario 1 N<br />
-nitrato de amonio 1 N<br />
-NaOh al 40 %<br />
-sulfato de cobre<br />
-molibdato de amonio al 16 %<br />
-acido nítrico concentrado<br />
-reactivo de Fehlin A y B<br />
-lugol<br />
-hidróxido de amonio<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PRESENCIA DE SALES EN EL PAN</span></strong><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><b><i><u><o:p></o:p></u></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Cloruros:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HIPOTESIS:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Al introducir el nitrato de plata, se
formara un precipitado blanco, que sera la presencia de sales
(cloruros) en el pan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KJVu2dTV9CA/T4YufTcXHUI/AAAAAAAAAJM/7tsgWb4fVaI/s1600/11-04-12-18-21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b87209; float: left; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KJVu2dTV9CA/T4YufTcXHUI/AAAAAAAAAJM/7tsgWb4fVaI/s400/11-04-12-18-21.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: move; position: relative;" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1 introducir un trozo de pan en un tubo
de ensaye<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2 añadir agua destilada que sobre salga aproximadamente
un cm. del trozo de pan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3 esperar de 2 a 3 minutos, agitar el
tubo de ensaye, y añadir gota a gota nitrato de plata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aveDRfu_myY/T4YuQ0tgqUI/AAAAAAAAAJE/30CS6rfqejM/s1600/11-04-12-18-23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b87209; float: left; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"></a><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aveDRfu_myY/T4YuQ0tgqUI/AAAAAAAAAJE/30CS6rfqejM/s400/11-04-12-18-23.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative;" width="400" /><br /><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b></b></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Se formo el precipitado blanco, ya que una de las funciones del nitrato
de plata es identificar la presencia de cloruros en otras soluciones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">De ésta manera comprobamos la presencia de cloruros.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Fosfatos<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">HIPOTESIS:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Al introducir cloruro de bario se formara un precipitado blanco, que será
la presencia de sales (fosfatos) en el pan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">1-introducir
un trozo de migaja en otro tubo de ensaye</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">2-añadir
agua destilada suficiente hasta que sobre salga del nivel de la migaja</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">3-agitar
el tubo de ensaye y añadir gota a gota una solución de cloruro de bario 1N</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fY2PTiZVmSo/T4YzWiACBXI/AAAAAAAAAJw/FNo4J9ochcw/s1600/11-04-12-18-22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #b87209; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fY2PTiZVmSo/T4YzWiACBXI/AAAAAAAAAJw/FNo4J9ochcw/s1600/11-04-12-18-22.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative;" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1-poner en un tubo de ensaye 1 ml de disolución de molibdato de amonio
al 15 %</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2-añadir 0.5 ml de HNO3 concentrado y 0.5 ml de agua.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Dh4afpa_WI8/T4Y6t4lavVI/AAAAAAAAALA/nUonTCGdOJ8/s1600/11-04-12-18-23(001).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #b87209; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Dh4afpa_WI8/T4Y6t4lavVI/AAAAAAAAALA/nUonTCGdOJ8/s1600/11-04-12-18-23(001).jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative;" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">3-poner en otro tubo de ensaye un trozo de la migaja de pan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">4-añadir agua destilada hasta rebasar el nivel del pan (arriba de 2 cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">5-añadir 5 gotas de la disolución de nitrato de amonio y posteriormente
1 ml del reactivo de fosforo preparado anteriormente<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">6-colocar el tubo a un baño maría<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZbMv03hj3LY/T4Y1x2TZTRI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/0l8n7ihS5Tk/s400/11-04-12-18-24(001).jpg" width="400" />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4wyc9jZRg18/T4Y16Ryc2sI/AAAAAAAAAKA/w327eqd1EXU/s1600/11-04-12-18-27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4wyc9jZRg18/T4Y16Ryc2sI/AAAAAAAAAKA/w327eqd1EXU/s400/11-04-12-18-27.jpg" width="400" /></a><br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">En los dos procedimientos se logró la identificación de sales (fosfatos)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Glúcidos:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">1-poner en
un tubo de ensaye 1 ml de reactivo de Fehling A y añadir 1 ml de B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">2-introducir
un trozo de miga de pan en el tubo y llevarlo al baño maría<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iBxZ3JI-dnI/T4Y3PVtHrfI/AAAAAAAAAKI/6UMHWm25Wtc/s1600/11-04-12-18-25(001).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #b87209; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iBxZ3JI-dnI/T4Y3PVtHrfI/AAAAAAAAAKI/6UMHWm25Wtc/s320/11-04-12-18-25(001).jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M2W0jvSwv4A/T4Y3RFpDS6I/AAAAAAAAAKQ/HB6nz8F1-pE/s1600/11-04-12-18-25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #b87209; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M2W0jvSwv4A/T4Y3RFpDS6I/AAAAAAAAAKQ/HB6nz8F1-pE/s320/11-04-12-18-25.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pHGcOmgC5oY/T4Y3clLEY7I/AAAAAAAAAKg/vA7jhVQBMnY/s1600/11-04-12-18-27(002).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #b87209; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pHGcOmgC5oY/T4Y3clLEY7I/AAAAAAAAAKg/vA7jhVQBMnY/s320/11-04-12-18-27(002).jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Se observó las reducciones del reactivo, debido a la maltosa y glucosa
presente en el pan, formadas por la fermentación del almidón de la harina
llevada a cavo de la levadura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Almidón<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">1-poner un trozo de pan en un tubo de ensaye y agregar 10 ml de agua,
calentar a baño maria, cuando este hirviendo, se verá una especie de engrudo a
contra luz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dsrfe6YGD-w/T4Y79d2jOII/AAAAAAAAALQ/hkZIQIVqyEE/s1600/11-04-12-18-29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b87209; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dsrfe6YGD-w/T4Y79d2jOII/AAAAAAAAALQ/hkZIQIVqyEE/s320/11-04-12-18-29.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative;" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2-en otro preparar el reactivo de Fehling mezclando
2 ml de Fehling con 2 ml de Fehling B</span><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">3-tomar en otro tubo 1 ml del contenido del primer
tubo (con el engrudo) y agregarlo al tubo que contiene el reactivo de Fehlinh y
agregar de 3 a 4 gotas de Lugol</span><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">OBSERVACIONES:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">se conseguio la identificacion de almidon, ya que el
fehling se utiliza como reactivo para la identificacion de azucares reductores.</span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lípidos<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1-tomar un trozo de miga de pan y frotar con ella en un
hoja de papel blanco: no dejarà residuos grasos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">OBSERVACIONES:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Comprobamos la pequeñísima cantidad de estos
compuestos en el pan al no dejar residuos grasos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Prótidos<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">1-tomar un trozo de miga de
pan como un puñado, amasarlo y apretarlo hasta conseguir un bola espesa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">2-seguir amasando debajo de un
chorro de agua, poniéndolo debajo un cristalizador cubierto con una malla o
grasa, sujeta al recipiente por una liga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">3-cuando no quede miga en la
mano, se observara en la malla una sustancia grisácea, recogerla con una espátula
y hacer dos bolitas e introducirlas cada una en un tubo de ensaye<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">4-en el primer tubo de ensaye
añadir un ml de acido nítrico y calentar a baño maría.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">5-retirar el exceso de acido (vaciarlo a un vaso que
contenga agua de cal) reteniendo la bolita con la varilla, y echar 1 ml de hidróxido
de amonio concentrado.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">6- en el segundo tubo de ensayo añade 1 ml de NaOH al 40%
y 10 gotas de sulfato de cobre 0.1 M-Agita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">CONCLUSIONES:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">La práctica se realizo correctamente, comprobando la
sales del pan, los azucares, almidón, lípidos y prótidos. De ésta manera
sabemos más acerca de su valor alimenticio que aporta el pan; en nuestro caso,
un bolillo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-12432687448672026932012-05-01T19:35:00.003-07:002012-05-01T19:35:49.695-07:00El Etanol, La Acetona, La Sacarina y el Etilenglicol<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> El Etanol, La Acetona, La Sacarina y el Etilenglicol</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">· <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">· <b>Etanol:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Es el alcohol comercial
más importante, se emplea como desinfectante, además de que está presente en
las bebidas alcohólicas. El alcohol presente en las bebidas alcohólicas se
produce por el proceso de la fermentación, pero para obtener mayor concentración
de etanol en las bebidas, se utiliza la destilación. El etanol no es tan tóxico
como el metanol, pero si se consumen grandes cantidades en un corto tiempo,
puede ocasionar la muerte.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El consumo indiscriminado
de etanol (alcoholismo) es uno de los problemas de salud más grande en el mundo
de hoy. Sorprendentemente se ha encontrado que la ingestión aproximada de 1 o 2
vasos de vino tinto por día está relacionada con la disminución de ataques
cardiacos.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Industrialmente el etanol
se utiliza para fabricar otros compuestos orgánicos, disolvente de
medicamentos, disolvente en lociones y productos de fricción, además de
utilizarse como aditivo en gasolinas.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img height="287" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iVSpGKEIm50/T0vTdkUf5vI/AAAAAAAAHEY/DXZJ3_HjVbQ/s320/etanol.jpg" width="320" />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">· <b>Acetona</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> La acetona es una cetona muy
importante comercialmente, pues es un disolvente excelente, ya que disuelve a
muchos compuestos orgánicos y, además, es miscible con el agua. Se emplea en
los removedores de esmalte para uñas y en la fabricación de colorantes. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Es un
líquido incoloro de olor y sabor fáciles de distinguir. Se evapora fácilmente,
es inflamable y es infinitamente miscible con agua.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> La acetona se usa en la fabricación de plásticos, fibras,
medicamentos y otros productos químicos. También se usa para disolver otras
sustancias químicas.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img height="206" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Acetone-structural.png" width="320" />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">· <b>Sacarina</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">La sacarina es el edulcorante artificial más antiguo ya que se descubrió
en 1879, pero aunque tiene muchas propiedades o ventajas también crea polémica. La
sacarina es un edulcorante 300 veces más dulce que el azúcar aunque como tiene
un regusto un poco amargo suele asociarse junto a otros endulzantes
artificiales. Se puede presentar en forma de pastillas, gránulos, polvo o
líquida. Es muy estable y tiene una larga duración.Se elimina por la orina. La
podemos encontrar como ingrediente en productos tan diversos como: zumos,
helados, refrescos, mermeladas, lácteos, pasta de dientes, bollos, galletas,
goma de mascar, en algunos medicamentos, etc.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sodium_saccharin.svg/220px-Sodium_saccharin.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sodium_saccharin.svg/220px-Sodium_saccharin.svg.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">· <b>Etilenglicol</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El
etilenglicol es el componente principal de las disoluciones anticongelantes
empleadas en los radiadores de los automóviles. Esta sustancia eleva el punto
de ebullición y disminuye el de congelación del agua, es decir, previene la
formación de hielo en invierno y disminuye la vaporización en el verano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_acWtarAsvfQ/TOgeq6tp5aI/AAAAAAAAA04/v5TJDvu0bmw/s1600/etilenglicol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_acWtarAsvfQ/TOgeq6tp5aI/AAAAAAAAA04/v5TJDvu0bmw/s1600/etilenglicol.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">GRUPOS FUNCIONALES</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Una molécula de un compuesto del carbono (compuesto orgánico) consta de un
esqueleto hidrocarbonado y uno o varios grupos funcionales. Un grupo funcional
es un átomo o grupo de átomos que, unido a un esqueleto hidrocarbonado, le
proporciona propiedades características (propiedades funcionales). Así pues en
los haluros de alquino el átomo de halógeno es el grupo funcional; en los
alcoholes, el grupo –OH- y en los alquenos, el doble enlace carbono-carbono.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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debe olvidarse que las reacciones químicas que se consideran características de
esos grupos funcionales, son las que se realizan en el átomo de halógeno, o en
el grupo hidroxilo (-OH) o en el doble enlace carbono-carbono. Una
parte de la llamada química orgánica es por ello la química de los diversos
grupos funcionales.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Alcoholes:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Los alcoholes se caracterizan por la presencia del grupo –OH, llamado grupo
oxhídrilo. La fórmula general de estos compuestos es R-OH, donde R es un grupo
alquílico de cadena cerrada o abierta. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Éteres:</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> Llamamos éteres </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">a
los compuestos formados por dos radicales unidos entre sí </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">mediante un átomo de oxígeno, por lo que su
grupo funcional es:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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R–O–R . Los radicales que <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">se unen
al oxígeno pueden ser iguales o diferentes. </span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">La manera más común de nombrarlos es anteponiendo la</span> palabra
éter <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">al nombre de los radicales, si
éstos son iguales, únicamente se menciona el </span>radical anteponiéndole
el prefijo "di" y la terminación "ico"; si son diferentes,
se nombra en primer lugar al de cadena más corta, y al nombre del otro se
le añade la misma terminación.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Aldehídos y Cetonas</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> Se
conocen como aldehídos y cetonas dos tipos de compuestos quecontienen en su
molécula al grupo funcional >C=O (un átomo de oxígenounido a uno de carbono
por medio de un doble enlace); el nombre de este grupo funcional es
"carbonilo", y puede dar lugar a dos tipos de compuestos con algunas
similitudes; se llaman aldehídos si el grupo es terminal, y cetonas en el caso
de que el grupo –C=O se una a un átomo intermedio. Observamos que el grupo
funcional para los aldehídos incluye también al átomo de hidrógeno, por lo que
el grupo es: –CH=O. La palabra aldehído es una palabra compuesta que significa
alcohol deshidrogenado, por lo que a estos compuestos se les puede
nombrar cambiando la terminación "ol" del alcohol por
"al" de los aldehídos. Las cetonas, aunque también pueden ser
alcoholes deshidrogenados, cambian la terminación "ol" del alcohol
por "ona" de la cetona. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">El
más importante y común de los aldehídos es el</span>metanal<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">, también </span>conocido como formol,
aldehído fórmico o formaldehído<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">. El metanal
es un gas incoloro de olor penetrante y soluble en agua, en alcohol y en éter;
sus usos </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">más comunes son la
conservación de órganos o partes anatómicas, como </span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">desinfectante y en la industria para fabricar
resinas, colorantes, germicidas y </span>fertilizantes. Algunos aldehídos
de origen vegetal se añaden a ciertos productos para impartirles olor y
sabor.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Aminas y Amidas</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Las aminas son compuestos orgánicos derivados
del amoníaco (NH3). Se forman cuando se sustituyen uno, dos o los tres átomos
de hidrógeno del amoníaco, por radicales. Las aminas se forman a
partir de la sustitución de los hidrógenos del amoníaco por radicales.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Las amidas derivan de la combinación de aminas
y ácidos carboxílicos. En todas las proteínas tanto animales como vegetales, el
grupo amida se encuentra repetido miles de veces en forma de cadenas y en
algunas macromoléculas como el nylon. Aunque la química orgánica pueda parecer
muy complicada por el número tan grande de compuestos que se pueden formar, su
estudio es una pasionante campo, en el que los químicos día con día encuentran
nuevos compuestos con nuevas características y usos.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Compuestos Halogenados</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Se
dice el nombre del halógeno y su posición (cuando sea necesaria) y luego el
nombre del hidrocarburo, o bien se dice el nombre del halógeno terminado en uro
después la palabra 'de" y posteriormente el nombre del alcano terminado en<u><b><i>
ilo</i></b></u>. </span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ácidos Carboxílicos</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Los ácidos carboxílicos
son moléculas con geometría trigonal plana. Presentan hidrógeno ácido en
el grupo hidroxilo y se comportan como bases sobre el oxígeno carbonílico. Los
puntos de fusión y ebullición son elevados ya que forman dímeros, debido a los
enlaces por puentes de hidrógeno.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">La propiedad más característica de los ácidos carboxílicos es la acidez
del hidrógeno situado sobre el grupo hidroxilo. El pKa de este hidrógeno
oscila entre 4 y 5 dependiendo de la longitud de la cadena carbonada.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Los ácidos carboxílicos
son ácido relativamente fuertes ya que estabilizan la carga de su base
conjugada por resonancia. Los sustituyentes atrayentes de electrones
aumentan la acidez de los ácidos carboxílicos. Grupos de elevada
electronegatividad retiran carga por efecto inductivo del grupo carboxílico,
produciendo un descenso en el pKa del hidrógeno ácido.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El efecto inductivo aumenta con la electronegatividad del halógeno, con
la proximidad del halógeno al grupo carboxílico y con el número de halógenos.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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bases, como NaOH, para formar las sales de carboxilato.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Nombre del libro:
Química Orgánica & Bioquímica</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Autor: Donald J. Burtony Joseph I. Routh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Editorial: McGraw-
Hill</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Primera edición.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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416</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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B86818</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-71632408641573783332012-05-01T18:00:00.002-07:002012-05-01T18:00:26.660-07:00El Heptano y sus isomeros<br />
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<b><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">ISÓMEROS
DEL HEPTANO</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El heptano es un hidrocarburo saturado de la
familia de los alcanos de fórmula C7H16. Quiere decir que contiene 7 Carbonos y
16 Hidrogenos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Existen 9 isómeros:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Heptano:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">N-HEPTANO; DIPROPILMETANO</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Dipropilmetano, heptano</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Propiedades: </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El heptano es un hidrocarburo saturado lineal de la
familia de los alcanos; líquido incoloro y volátil.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Usos:</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> valoración y determinación estándar del
octano; disolvente; síntesis orgánica; preparación de reactivos de laboratorio.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">H H H H H H H</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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|</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> | | | | | |
|</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">H H H H H H H</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">2- METILHEXANO</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: isoheptanoumero; 2-metil-hexano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 — CH — CH2 — CH2
— CH2 — CH3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
CH3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;">2,2-DIMETILPENTANO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: 2,2-dimetil-pentano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">| <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 - C - CH2 - CH2 - CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;">2,2,3-TRIMETILBUTANO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: triptano; 2,2,3-trimetil-butano</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 - C- CH - CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
| | <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;">2,3-DIMETILPENTANO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: 2,3-dimetil-pentano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> |
|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 CH3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;">2,4-DIMETILPENTANO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: 2,4-dimetil-pentano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH - CH3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
| |</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
CH3 CH3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;">3-ETILPENTANO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: 3-etil-pentano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> |</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> CH2</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> |</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> CH3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;">3-METILHEXANO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: 3-metil-hexano; 2-etilpentano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
</span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">| </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> CH3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;">3,3-DIMETILPENTANO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otros nombres: 3,3-dimetil-pentano.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">
|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CH3 - CH2 - C - CH2 - CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> CH3
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">REFERENCIAS
BIBLIOGRÁFICAS:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><a href="http://www.tequima.es/limpieza-y-mantenimiento/heptano"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.tequima.es/limpieza-y-mantenimiento/heptano</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><a href="http://www.grupoprevenir.es/fichas-seguridad-sustancias-quimicas/1262.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.grupoprevenir.es/fichas-seguridad-sustancias-quimicas/1262.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-36626416869966871442012-05-01T17:35:00.002-07:002012-05-01T17:37:47.532-07:00Los isomeros<br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">ISÓMEROS</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Son compuestos que tienen la misma composición
atómica pero diferente fórmula estructural (por ejemplo, la serie de las<a href="http://laguna.fmedic.unam.mx/~evazquez/0403/geometrias%20moleculares.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">cetoaldosas</span></a>). En
general una molécula con n centros quirales tiene 2<sup>n</sup>estereoisómeros.
El gliceraldehído tiene 2<sup>1</sup>=2; las <a href="http://laguna.fmedic.unam.mx/~evazquez/0403/geometrias%20moleculares.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">aldohexosas</span></a> con
cuatro centros quirales, tienen 2<sup>4</sup>=16 estereoisómeros. Los
estereoisómeros de los monosacáridos pueden ser divididos en dos grupos, los
cuales difieren en la configuración alrededor del centro quiral más lejano del
carbono carbonílico (carbono de referencia). Tomemos como ejemplo al
gliceraldehído (en fórmulas de proyección de Fisher):</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;">D-glicerladehído // L-glicerladehído</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">R</span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;">epresentación de los isómeros D y L del
gliceraldehído.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"><img height="425" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CQZUwWvhbPY/T2b3I0vdBYI/AAAAAAAAAEo/R9ODxewsQJk/s640/ISM.gif" width="640" />
</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;">ISÓMEROS ESTRUCTURALES</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;">a) Isomería
de cadena</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">S</span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;">on aquellos en los cuales las diferencias de sus
propiedades dependen de la distinta estructura de la cadena carbonada; veamos
los isómeros de cadena para la formula molecular <b><i>C5 H12</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m00B8IHUVfs/T2b46gCAolI/AAAAAAAAAEw/MwvYg7TNofk/s640/CADENA.jpg" />
</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><i>b) Isomería de posición</i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DTgKb_pj5LI/T2b5ycWB_SI/AAAAAAAAAE4/_x_EY6KA1To/s1600/POSICION.jpg" />
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Los isómeros de
posición se caracterizan por tener igual formula moleclar, la misma cdena
carbonada y las mismas funciones, pero sus grupos funcionales o sustituyentes
se ubican en posiciones distintas sobre el mismo esqueleto carbonado. Por
ejemplo si tomamos el n-pentano y sustituimos un átomo de hidrógeno por un
grupo hidróxilo (OH), se obtienen dos alcoholes diferentes.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i>c)
Isomería de función</i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Es la que representan sustancias con la misma fórmula molecular presentan
distinto grupo funcional, por ejemplo:</span><br />
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rw1qHd31pVo/T2b6T4cQzkI/AAAAAAAAAFA/sARw97Uq_5c/s1600/FUNCION.jpg" />
</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">LOS ESTEROISÓMEROS</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ESTEREOISÓMEROS CONFORMACIONALES:</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">SE INTERCONVIERTEN UNOS EN OTROS POR ROTACIÓN EN
TORNO A ENLACES SIMPLES C-C</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">A TEMPERATURA AMBIENTE SE PRODUCE LA
INTERCONVERSIÓN DE UNOS CONFÓRMEROS EN OTROS, POR ELLO, HAY QUIEN NO
CONSIDERA A ESTAS ESPECIES COMO VERDADEROS ISÓMEROS (NO SON AISLABLES A
TEMPERATURA AMBIENTE)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt;">ESTEROISÓMEROS
CONFIGURACIONALES:</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">SON ESTEREOISÓMEROS QUE TIENEN LA MISMA FORMA
ESTRUCTURAL Y DIFERENTE ARREGLO DE SUS ÁTOMOS EN EL ESPACIO PERO SON
ESTRUCTURALMENTE ESTABLES, ES DECIR SUS ÁTOMOS NO SE PUEDEN INTERCAMBIAR
LIBREMENTE ALREDEDOR DE LOS ENLACES POR QUE REQUIEREN LA RUPTURA E INTERCAMBIO
DE LOS ÁTOMOS; ESTO GENERA LA FORMACIÓN DE IMÁGENES ESPECULARES.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<strong>Referencias:</strong><br />
<br />
http://laguna.fmedic.unam.mx/~evazquez/0403/Los%20isomeros.html<br />
<strong><em>Quimica Basica</em></strong><br />
Brady James E.<br />
Segunda Edicion<br />
Mexico, Mexico.<br />
Editorial limusa Wiley<br />
1999 Pag. 994<br />
p.p. 637<br />
<br />
<strong><em>Quimica General</em></strong><br />
Ralon H. Pretucci<br />
2da Edicion<br />
Estados Ubnidos de America<br />
Editorial: Fondo Interactivo<br />
Pag. 692<br />
p.p. 481<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt;">
</span></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-13733172547455873682012-04-28T18:46:00.001-07:002012-05-07T17:10:04.515-07:00Carbono .:..:. Propiedades<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">PROPIEDADES
DEL CARBONO</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Una de las propiedades de los elementos no metales
como el carbono es por ejemplo que los elementos no metales son malos
conductores del calor y la electricidad. El carbono, al igual que los demás elementos
no metales, no tiene lustre. Debido a su fragilidad, los no metales como el
carbono, no se pueden aplanar para formar láminas ni estirados para convertirse
en hilos.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">El
estado del carbono en su forma natural es sólido (no magnético). El carbono es
un elemento químico de aspecto negro (grafito) Incoloro (diamante) y pertenece
al grupo de los no metales. El número atómico del carbono es 6. El símbolo
químico del carbono es C. El punto de fusión del carbono es de grados Kelvin o
de -273,15 grados celsius o grados centígrados. El punto de ebullición del
carbono es de grados Kelvin o de -273,15 grados celsius o grados centígrados.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">PROPIEDADES
ATÓMICAS DEL CARBONO</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">La
masa atómica de un elemento está determinado por la masa total de neutrones y
protones que se puede encontrar en un solo átomo perteneciente a este elemento.
En cuanto a la posición donde encontrar el carbono dentro de la tabla periódica
de los elementos, el carbono se encuentra en el grupo 14 y periodo 2. El
carbono tiene una masa atómica de 12,0107 u. La configuración electrónica del
carbono es [He]2s22p2. La configuración electrónica de los elementos, determina
la forma el la cual los electrones están estructurados en los átomos de un
elemento. El radio de Van der Waals del carbono es de 1,0 pm. El carbono tiene
un total de 6 electrones cuya distribución es la siguiente: En la primera capa
tiene 2 electrones y en la segunda tiene 4 electrones.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eUlHxQvmaQA/T2aj-VV6PXI/AAAAAAAAACI/_Qu9HQXPnpk/s1600/20070924klpcnafyq_38_Ees_SCO.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" closure_uid_7pj2uv="2" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eUlHxQvmaQA/T2aj-VV6PXI/AAAAAAAAACI/_Qu9HQXPnpk/s400/20070924klpcnafyq_38_Ees_SCO.png" width="385" /></a></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Características del carbono<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><br />
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</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><br />
<div align="center">
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</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><td colspan="2" style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border: 1pt solid rgb(159, 138, 185); mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Símbolo
químico</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">C</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Número
atómico</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Grupo</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">14</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Periodo</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Aspecto</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">negro (grafito) Incoloro
(diamante)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Bloque</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">p</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Densidad</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2267 kg/m3</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Masa
atómica</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">12.0107 u</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Radio
medio</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">70 pm</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Radio
atómico</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">67</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Radio
covalente</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">77 pm</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Radio
de van der Waals</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">170 pm</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Configuración
electrónica</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[He]2s22p2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Electrones
por capa</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2, 4</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Estados
de oxidación</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">4, 2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Óxido</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">ácido débil</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Estructura
cristalina</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Hexagonal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Estado</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sólido</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Punto
de fusión</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">diamante: 3823 K Grafito:
3800 K K</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Punto
de ebullición</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">grafito: 5100 K K</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Calor
de fusión</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">grafito; sublima: 105 kJ/mol
kJ/mol</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Electronegatividad</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2,55</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Calor
específico</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">710 J/(K·kg)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Conductividad
eléctrica</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">61×103S/m</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Conductividad
térmica</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(223, 216, 232); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(159, 138, 185) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">129 W/(K·m)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">QUÍMICA DEL CARBONO</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">El carbono
puede formar más compuestos que ningún otro elemento, debido a que los átomos
de carbono tienen la capacidad de formar enlaces carbono-carbono en forma
simple, doble y triple, y también pueden formar cadenas y estructuras cíclicas.
La rama de la química que estudia los compuestos del carbono es la química
orgánica.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">DEFINICIÓN:</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Los
compuestos de carbono tienen una gran importancia por la capacidad que tienen
de unirse entre sí y con átomos no metálicos como: hidrógeno, oxígeno,
nitrógeno, fósforo, azufre y en menor proporción con: flúor, cloro, bromo, yodo
y otros muchos más. Los compuestos de carbono constituyen a la mayoría de los
seres vivos por medio de compuestos orgánicos.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">El carbono y sus
compuestos se encuentran distribuidos ampliamente en la naturaleza. Se estima
que el carbono constituye 0.032% de la corteza terrestre. El carbono libre se
encuentra en grandes depósitos como hulla, forma amorfa del elemento con otros
compuestos complejos de carbono-hidrógeno-nitrógeno. El carbono cristalino puro
se halla como grafito y diamante</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">COMPUESTOS DEL CARBONO</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">IMPORTANCIA
DE LOS COMPUESTOS DEL CARBONO</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Los
diferentes tipos de compuestos orgánicos se distinguen en función de los grupos
funcionales que contienen. Un grupo funcional es un grupo de átomos responsable
del comportamiento químico de la molécula que lo contiene como: alcoholes,
éteres, aldehídos y cetonas, ácidos carboxílicos, aminas y amidas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">La base de
los grupos funcionales, así como de los compuestos de carbono es, valga la
redundancia, el elemento “C” carbono. Su importancia radica en que gracias a
éste se pueden fabricar: medicamentos, colorantes, papel, tintas, pinturas,
plásticos, la gasolina, neumáticos e intervienen también en la elaboración de
alimentos y en la industria textil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">PROPIEDADES
DE LOS COMPUESTOS: INORGÁNICOS Y ORGÁNICOS</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Cuando los
elementos se combinan forman iones o moléculas por lo que las propiedades
físicas de los compuestos iónicos como el cloruro de sodio NaCl o covalentes
como la sacarosa C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>
se relacionan con la forma en que están unidos los átomos de los elementos que
los constituyen.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 115%;">Los compuestos covalentes
están formados por moléculas en las que los átomos se unen al compartir pares
de electrones. A temperatura ambiente, los compuestos covalentes pueden ser
sólidos como la sacarosa, líquidos como el etanol y gaseosos como el dióxido de
carbono; además, tienden a ser insolubles en agua, aunque algunos son muy
solubles. en esta tabla podemos ver las propiedades y los compuestos organicos e inorganicos.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 517; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Propiedad</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">*Compuestos
orgánicos*</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">*Compuestos
inorgánicos*</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Solubilidad
en agua</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Generalmente son insolubles</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Generalmente son solubles</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Solubilidad en
solventes orgánicos</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Generalmente son solubles</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Insolubles</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Temperatura
de fusión</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Bajas o se carbonizan</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Altas</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Conductividad eléctrica</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Malos conductores</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Buenos conductores en solución acuosa</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Tipo
de enlace</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Covalente</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Iónico</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Electrolito</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">No</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Sí</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Inflamable</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Sí</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">No</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Clasificación de los
hidrocarburos</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;">El término "hidrocarburo"
se refiere a compuestos formados exclusivamente por átomos de carbono e
hidrógeno a través de enlaces covalentes. Con base en su estructura, los
hidrocarburos se dividen en dos clases principales: <i>Alifáticos y Aromáticos.
</i>Los primeros subdividen en familias: <i>Aleónos, <b>Alquenos, Alquinos </b></i>y
sus análogos <i>Cíclicos, </i>también denominados <i>Alicíclicos.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">CLASIFICACIÓN GENERAL DE HIDROCARBUROS<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Los
hidrocarburos alifáticos en general están formados por cadenas abiertas de
átomos de carbono (alcanos, alquenos o alquinos), o por estructuras cíclicas
(hidrocarburos alicíclicos).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Originalmente muchos de los primeros
hidrocarburos alifáticos que se estudiaron se obtuvieron a partir de ácidos
grasos, por lo tanto se les asignó el nombre de alifáticos ( del griego <i>aleiphatos
</i>= grasa). </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Si cada
átomo de carbono se encuentra unido a otros cuatro átomos de carbono y/o
hidrógeno tenemos los <b><i>hidrocarburos saturados o aleónos </i></b>cuya
fórmula general es C<sub><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">n</span></sub>H<sub><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">2n</span></sub>+2.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Fórmulas de
algunos aléanos:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IwccwCA3XQo/T2bJNaErA3I/AAAAAAAAADA/mT3Fptn0cuo/s1600/aleanos.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" closure_uid_ngri09="4" height="256" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IwccwCA3XQo/T2bJNaErA3I/AAAAAAAAADA/mT3Fptn0cuo/s400/aleanos.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;">Los <b><i>hidrocarburos
aromáticos </i></b>por su parte constituyen un grupo especial de compuestos
cíclicos que contienen en general anillos de seis miembros, en los cuales todos
los átomos de carbono poseen hibridación sp<sup><span style="position: relative; top: -5pt;">2 </span></sup>y donde los electrones p que
aporta cada átomo de carbono se encuentran deslocalizados sobre el plano del
anillo, ocupando los orbitales de energía mas baja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;">Alquenos y
Alquinos:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o2hcYQQiQL0/T2bKjF0ntjI/AAAAAAAAADI/V2R1kXnEfvE/s1600/alquinos.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" closure_uid_ngri09="5" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o2hcYQQiQL0/T2bKjF0ntjI/AAAAAAAAADI/V2R1kXnEfvE/s400/alquinos.png" width="352" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Alcanos.</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Los alcanos son una familia de
compuestos que tienen la <a href="http://www.sabelotodo.org/quimica/quimicaorganica.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">fórmula
empírica</span></a> general C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>. Inicialmente fueron
llamados <b>parafínicos</b> (del Latín: poca reactividad) debido a su inercia
química. También son conocidos como <b>hidrocarburos saturados</b>, debido a
que en ellos, los <a href="http://www.sabelotodo.org/materia/atomo.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">átomos</span></a> de carbono están saturados con el máximo número posible
de átomos de hidrógeno.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Cuando forman cadenas lineales se denominan <b>alcanos normales</b> o <b>n-alcanos</b>.<br />
La tabla 1 muestra algunos de los alcanos normales.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Esta
nomenclatura usada para los alcanos es importante conocerla</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">porque se
utiliza como base para nombrar el resto de los hidrocarburos</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">alifáticos.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="298" id="il_fi" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_djY_JkkIus4/TAM7eNCmmaI/AAAAAAAAACg/DV575cvTltM/s320/alquenos.png" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="320" />Alquenos. </span></i></b><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;">El grupo de los
alquenos u olefinas está formado por hidrocarburos de cadena abierta en los que
existe un doble enlace entre dos átomos de carbono. La fórmula general del
grupo es C<i>n</i>H2<i>n</i>, donde <i>n</i> es el número de átomos de carbono.
Al igual que los alcanos, los miembros más bajos son gases, los compuestos
intermedios son líquidos y los más altos son sólidos. Los compuestos del grupo
de los alquenos son más reactivos químicamente que los compuestos saturados.
Reaccionan fácilmente con sustancias como los halógenos, adicionando átomos de
halógeno a los dobles enlaces. No se encuentran en los productos naturales,
pero se obtienen en la destilación destructiva de sustancias naturales
complejas, como el carbón, y en grandes cantidades en las refinerías de
petróleo, especialmente en el proceso de craqueo. El primer miembro de la serie
es el eteno, C2H4. Los dienos contienen dos dobles enlaces entre las parejas de
átomos de carbono de la molécula. Están relacionados con los hidrocarburos
complejos del caucho o hule natural y son importantes en la fabricación de
caucho y plásticos sintéticos. Son miembros importantes de esta serie el
butadieno, C4H6, y el isopreno, C5H8.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><strong><img height="267" id="il_fi" src="http://www.kalipedia.com/kalipediamedia/cienciasnaturales/media/200805/07/fisicayquimica/20080507klpcnafyq_11_Ies_SCO.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="267" />Alquinos. </strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bajo
el término de alquinos se encuentran aquellos hidrocarburos alifáticos no
saturados que tienen un enlace triple en la molécula. La fórmula empírica general
de los alquinos es CH<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub>. Se conocen también como <i>acetilenos</i>,
al ser el gas <i>acetileno </i>(HC</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">≡</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CH), el mas simple de los alquinos.<br />
La mol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">cula
del acetileno es lineal, igualmente son lineales aquellas moléculas producto de
la sustitución, R-C</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">≡</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C-R,
por tal motivo la existencia de <a href="http://www.sabelotodo.org/quimica/quimicaorganica.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">isómeros cis
y trans</span></a> no es posible.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"></span>Referencias:</span><br />
<div>
<br />
<strong><em>Quimica Basica</em></strong><br />
<em>(Características del Carbono)</em><br />
<strong><em><br /></em></strong><br />
Brady James E.<br />
Segunda Edicion<br />
Mexico, Mexico.<br />
Editorial limusa Wiley<br />
1999 Pag. 994<br />
p.p. 648-651<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.lenntech.es/periodica/elementos/c.htm">http://www.lenntech.es/periodica/elementos/c.htm</a>
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://elementos.org.es/carbono">http://elementos.org.es/carbono</a>
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</div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-4216344156909424852012-04-28T14:39:00.000-07:002012-04-28T16:44:58.950-07:00Fase Organica del Suelo ::::: Materia organica<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
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<strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Fase Organica del Suelo.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">La composición orgánica del suelo está constituida por dos componentes,
los orgánicos y los inorgánicos. A su vez, la parte orgánica está formada por
los residuos de vegetales y animales que se encuentran en diferentes grados de
descomposición, lo que es causado por la presencia de microorganismos. La
inorgánica la constituyen el conjunto de minerales que se estudiarán más
adelante.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cuando la mayor parte de la materia orgánica se ha degradado a sus
componentes más simples se les nombra HUMUS, el cual es una mezcla de diversas
sustancias en las que se integran partículas de diferentes tamaños entre los
que se encuentran los coloides. Estos pueden intercambiar iones, ayudan a la
formación del suelo y también retienen gran cantidad de agua y de nutrientes. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Existen otros microorganismos que se encargan de fijar el nitrógeno del
aire atmosférico al suelo, transformándolo en compuestos inorgánicos simples y
solubles, por ejemplo, el amoniaco y los nitratos. Estos últimos son absorbidos
por las raíces de las plantas para la fabricación de sustancias como las
proteínas. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<br />
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><strong>Objetivos<o:p></o:p></strong></span></i></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">- Observar y describir las características de los componentes de la fase
sólida del suelo.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">- Calcular el porcentaje de maeria orgánica de las cuatro muestras de
suelo.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
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</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><strong>Materiales:</strong></span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">- Cápsula de porcelana</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">- Mechero de bunsen</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">- Soporte Univeral con anillo y rejilla de asbesto</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">- Balanza</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">- Pinzas de crisol</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<br />
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><strong>Sustancias:</strong></span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">10 g de muestra de suelo</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(4 muestras diferentes de suelo)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
<br />
</span><strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Procedimiento:</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">1. Pesar 10 g de suelo seco en una
cápsula de porcelana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wb6C2VU8CCY/Tzd82gISSFI/AAAAAAAAAF8/akj3jYVAusQ/s1600/403052_236156859803845_100002285972658_519359_1760238649_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_6p5g4d="2" closure_uid_ybecyu="2" sda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wb6C2VU8CCY/Tzd82gISSFI/AAAAAAAAAF8/akj3jYVAusQ/s1600/403052_236156859803845_100002285972658_519359_1760238649_n.jpg" /></a></span><br />
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2. Colocar la cápsula de porcelana en la rejilla del soporte universal, enciende
el mechero y calienta hasta la calcinación ( de 15 a 20 minutos). Si la muestra
de suelo posee un alto contenido de hojarasca, el tiempo se prolongará lo
suficiente hasta su total calcinación.<br /><br />
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<br />3. Dejar enfriar la mezcla y posteriormente
pésala nuevamente, anotanto la variación de la masa.<br />4. Calcular el
porcentaje de materia orgánica.<br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LA MATERIA ORGANICA</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La materia orgánica es esencial para la fertilidad y la buena producción agropecuaria. Los suelos sin materia orgánica son suelos pobres y de características físicas inadecuadas para el crecimiento de las plantas. es de aqui a lo que se debe su gran importancia</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cualquier residuo vegetal o animal es materia orgánica, y su descomposición lo transforma en materiales importantes en la composición del suelo y en la producción de plantas. La materia orgánica bruta es descompuesta por microorganismos y transformada en materia adecuada para el crecimiento de las plantas y que se conoce como <span class="normalbold">humus</span>. El humus es un estado de descomposición de la materia orgánica, o sea, es materia orgánica no totalmente descompuesta.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tiene esencialmente las siguientes características:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Es insoluble en agua y evita el lavado de los suelos y la pérdida de nutrientes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Tiene una alta capacidad de absorción y retención de agua. Absorbe varias veces su propio peso en agua y la retiene, evitando la desecación del suelo.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Mejora las condiciones físicas, químicas y biológicas de los suelos. Los suaviza; permite una aereación adecuada; aumenta la porosidad y la infiltración de agua, entre otros. Es una fuente importante de nutrientes, a través de los procesos de descomposición con la participación de bacterias y hongos, especialmente. Absorbe nutrientes disponibles, los fija y los pone a disposición de las plantas. Fija especialmente nitrógeno (NO3 , NH4), fósforo (P04) calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), potasio (K), sodio (Na) y otros. Mantiene la vida de los organismos del suelo, esenciales para los procesos de renovación del recurso.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Aumenta la productividad de los cultivos en más del 100 % si a los suelos pobres se les aplica materia orgánica.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los <span class="normalbold">abonos verdes</span> son cultivos con el propósito de enterrarlos para proveer de materia orgánica. La gradual descomposición de la materia orgánica provee de nutrientes; mejora la textura del suelo; evita la pérdida por lavado, y retiene el agua. Hay especies especialmente recomendadas como la crotalaria, el kudzu, la alfalfa y algunas otras.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los <span class="normalbold">residuos de cosecha</span>s comprenden los rastrojos de los cultivos. En el Perú existe la pésima costumbre de quemar los rastrojos y de esta manera se priva a los suelos de la materia orgánica necesaria.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El uso de <span class="normalbold">estiércol</span> o guano de animales es una práctica muy arraigada. Su aplicación muestra efectos positivos en los cultivos, especialmente los intensivos.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En el país existen yacimientos de <span class="normalbold">turba</span>, especialmente en la Sierra, cuyo uso se está difundiendo para fines de jardinería y cultivos en invernaderos. Las turberas son acumulaciones de materia vegetal en zonas pantanosas y que pueden llegar a varios metros de profundidad.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En la actualidad se está difundiendo la producción del <span class="normalbold">humus de lombriz</span> a través de la lombricultura.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>FUNCIONES DE LA MATERIA ORGANICA</strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Funciónes de la materia organica en el suelo:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-contribuye al crecimiento vegetal mediante sus efectos en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. Tiene:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-función nutricional la que sirve como fuente de N, P para el desarrollo vegetal.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-función biológica la que afecta profundamente las actividades de organismos de microflora y microfauna.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-función fisica y fisico-química la que promueve una buena estructura del suelo, por lo tanto mejorando la labranza, aereación y retención de humedad e incrementando la capacidad amortiguadora y de intercambio de los suelos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus también juega un rol en los suelos a través de sus efectos en la absorción de micronutrientes por las plantas y la performance de herbicidas y otros químicos de uso en agricultura. Debe enfatizarse que la importancia de cada factor dado variará de un suelo a otro y dependerá de condiciones ambientales tales como el clima y la historia agrícola. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-Disponibilidad de nutrientes para el desarrollo vegetal</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La materia organica tiene efectos tanto directos como indirectos en la disponibilidad de nutrientes para el crecimiento de las plantas. Además de servir como fuente de N, P, S a traves de la mineralización por medio de microorganismos del suelo, influye en la provisión de nutrientes desde otras fuentes (por ejemplo, la materia organica es requerida como fuente de energía para bacterias fijadoras de N).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Un factor que necesita ser tomado en consideración al evaluar a el humus como fuente de nutrientes es la historia agrícola. Cuando los suelos comienzan a ser cultivados, el contenido de humus generalmente declina durante un período de 10 a 30 años hasta que se alcanza un nuevo equilibrio. En equilibrio, cualquier nutriente liberado por actividad microbiana debe ser compensado por la incorporación de igual cantidad en el nuevo humus formado.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Efecto en la condición física del suelo, erosión del suelo, y capacidad de amortiguación e intercambio</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus tiene un profundo efecto en la estructura de muchos suelos. El deterioro de la estructura que acompaña la labranza intensiva es, usualmente, menos severa en suelos adecuadamente provistos de humus. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La adición frecuente de residuos orgánicos de facil descomposición lleva a la síntesis de compuestos orgánicos complejos que ligan particulas de suelo en unidades estructurales llamadas agregados. Estos agregados ayudan a mantener una condición suelta, abierta y granular. El agua puede penetrar y filtrar hacia abajo a través del suelo. Las raices de las plantas necesitan una provisión continua de O2 para poder respirar y crecer. Poros grandes permiten un mejor intercambio de gases entre el suelo y la atmosfera. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus usualmente incrementa la habilidad del suelo a resistir la erosión. Primero, permite al suelo retener mas agua, aún mas importante es el efecto de promover la granulación y por lo tanto mantener grandes poros a través de los cuales el agua penetra y filtra hacia abajo. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Entre 20 y 70% de la capacidad de intercambio en muchos suelos es causada por sustancias húmicas coloidales. Las acideces totales de las fracciones aisladas de humus están en el rango de 300 a 1400 meq/100g. En lo que a la acción amortiguadora se refiere, el humus exhibe capacidad amortiguadora en un amplio rango de pH.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">--Efecto en la condición biológica del suelo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La materia organica sirve como fuente de energía tanto para organismos de macro y microfauna.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Un número de bacterias, actinomycetes y hongos en el suelo están relacionados de manera general al contenido de humus. Lombrices y otros organismos de la fauna están fuertemente influenciados por la cantidad de residuos vegetales retornados al suelo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las sustancias organicas en el suelo pueden tener un efecto fisiológico directo en el crecimiento de las plantas. Algunos compuestos, tales como ciertos ácidos fenólicos, tienen propiedades fitotóxicas; otras, tales como las auxinas, mejoran el crecimiento de las plantas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Es ampliamente sabido que muchos factores que influencian la incidencia de organismos patógenos en el suelo están directa o indirectamente infuidos por la materia organica. Por ejemplo, una abundante provisión de materia organica puede favorecer el crecimiento de organismos saprofíticos similares a los parásitos y por lo tanto reducir la población de los últimos. Compuestos biológicamente activos en el suelo, tales como antibióticos y ciertos ácidos fenólicos, pueden mejorar la habilidad de ciertas plantas para resistir el ataque de patógenos.</span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HUMUS</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cuando se dice "la materia orgánica de un suelo" nos estamos referiendo al humus que contiene. En un suelo hay más materia orgánica que no es humus: restos de hojas a medio descomponer, insectos, hongos y bacterias, el compost recientemente incorporado, etc. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">¿Qué es el humus? Para entenderlo, un ejemplo. Cuando cae una hoja al suelo esa hoja es inmediatamente atacada por hongos y bacterias e inician su descomposición. El resultado es:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• Un porcentaje de la hoja se convierte en nutrientes minerales (nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, etc.) que pueden ser tomados directamente por las raíces. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• Y otra parte de esa hoja se transforma en humus. Lo mismo ocurre con cualquier otra materia orgánica que adicionemos al suelo, por ejemplo, el estiércol, un compost, etc.. Son atacados por los microorganismos y hay producción de humus por un lado y producción de nutrientes minerales para las plantas por otro.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por dar un número y recalcar el tema anterior. Si esa hoja pesa 2 gramos, puede ser que se convierta en humus 0,1 gramos y el resto en minerales. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con los años, ese humus nuevo formado, también se transformará en minerales, pero mucho más lentamente. Terminará por desaparecer como humus, pero después de más de 3 años. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus es una sustancia muy especial y beneficiosa para el suelo y la planta. Tiene unas cualidades que aporta diversos beneficios: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Agrega las partículas y esponja el suelo, mejorando por tanto su estructura. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Retiene agua y minerales y así no se lavan y pierden en profundidad; igual que hace la arcilla.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Aporta nutrientes minerales lentamente para las plantas a medida que se descompone (nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, magnesio, etc.).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. El humus tiene otros beneficios menos estudiados pero muy interesantes. Produce activadores del crecimiento que las plantas pueden absorber y favorece la nutrición y resistencia: vitaminas, reguladores de crecimiento (auxinas, giberelinas, citoquinicas) y sustancias con propiedades de antibióticos. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las raíces, indudablemente, se encuentran mejor en un suelo rico en humus que en uno pobre en esta sustancia.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> La mayoría de los suelos cultivados tienen entre un 1 y un 3% de humus. La arena de la playa es muy pobre en humus, no llega al 1%. En el extremo opuesto, el suelo de un bosque, puede ser muy rico y superar el 5% de humus. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En agricultura se hacen análisis de tierras y uno de los datos que siempre se determina es el de la materia orgánica (humus). Si sale un valor muy bajo es más que recomendable hacer un plan de mejora para aumentarla, mediante, por ejemplo, fuertes estercoladuras durante varios años seguidos. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aumentar el nivel de materia orgánica de un suelo exige tiempo, se hace poco a poco. De la noche a la mañana no se puede pasar de un 1% de humus al 2%; esto se consigue a lo largo de una serie de años.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hay datos de cuánto humus se puede obtener de cada material. Hablando del estiércol, más o menos un 10% de lo que se echa se convierte en humus. Si echas 10 kilos, obtienes 1 kilo de humus.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cada especie vegetal tiene sus propias preferencias en cuanto a suelo con más o menos materia orgánica. Hay unas que gustan de un suelo rico, otras normal y otras que, incluso, prefieren un suelo pobre en humus (por ejemplo, la vegetación del desierto).</span><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Influencia_qu.C3.ADmica_del_humus"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Influencia química del humus</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Regula la </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nutrición</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> vegetal.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mejora el intercambio de </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">iones</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mejora la asimilación de abonos </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">minerales</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ayuda con el proceso del </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">potasio</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> y el </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">fósforo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en el suelo.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Produce </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">gas carbónico</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> que mejora la solubilidad de los </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">minerales</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aporta productos nitrogenados al suelo degradado.</span> </li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CARACTERISTICAS PRINCIPALES</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">SUSTANCIAS ORGANICAS</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">SUSTANCIAS INORGANICAS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">Son todas aquellas relacionadas con la vida, y se componen de carbono, de oxígeno o hidrógeno.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 25.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">son sustancias "muertas", donde escasean estos elementos propios de la vida como el carbono, el oxígeno y el hidrógeno, o si bien existen, no están todos</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">no solo agrupan a las cosas vivas, sino que la comida también es orgánica, dado que esta contiene elementos que conllevan vida, y de la misma manera los árboles y la vegetación.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">se relacionan con la falta de vida, como por ejemplo los metales y plásticos, los que encuentras en los objetos "muertos" como en autos y las construcciones</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">El humus también juega un rol en los suelos a través de sus efectos en la absorción de micronutrientes por las plantas y la performance de herbicidas y otros químicos de uso en agricultura.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 56.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">La <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>parte inorgánica, está formada por los productos de desintegración de las rocas y por nuevos minerales originados por síntesis de aquéllos</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">La materia orgánica tiene efectos tanto directos como indirectos en la disponibilidad de nutrientes para el crecimiento de las plantas</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 74pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">existe una mezcla de las fracciones indicadas y la cantidad relativa de cada una de ellas constituye la textura del suelo</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">La materia orgánica sirve como fuente de energía tanto para organismos de macro y microfauna.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 41.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">Dentro de la gama de los componentes inorgánicos del suelo mayoritariamente encontramos los óxidos y sobre todo los silicatos.</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 47.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">Función nutricional la que sirve como fuente de N, P para el desarrollo vegetal.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">El 50% del volumen del suelo corresponde a los poros, por los que circula el aire y la solución acuosa. De acuerdo a la porosidad la proporción de agua y aire puede variar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">Función biológica la que afecta profundamente las actividades de organismos de microflora y microfauna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Los compuestos <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inorgánicos están formados mediante enlaces iónicos y covalentes</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";"> física y físico-química .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">no presentan isómeros. los compuestos inorgánicos con excepción de algunos silicatos no forman cadenas pero si uniones.</span></span></div>
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</tbody></table>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-45662868358312039002012-03-19T17:45:00.001-07:002012-03-19T17:45:06.521-07:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mol</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El <b>mol</b> (símbolo: <b>mol</b>) es la </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidades_de_medida" title="Unidades de medida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">unidad</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> con que se mide la </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantidad_de_sustancia" title="Cantidad de sustancia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cantidad de sustancia</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, una de las siete </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidades_b%C3%A1sicas_del_SI" title="Unidades básicas del SI"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">magnitudes físicas fundamentales</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> del </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Internacional_de_Unidades" title="Sistema Internacional de Unidades"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sistema Internacional de Unidades</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dada cualquier sustancia (elemento químico, compuesto o material) y considerando a la vez un cierto tipo de entidades elementales que la componen, se define como un mol a la cantidad de esa sustancia que contiene tantas entidades elementales del tipo considerado, como </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">átomos</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> hay en 12 </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramo" title="Gramo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">gramos</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> de </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono-12" title="Carbono-12"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">carbono-12</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. Esta definición no aclara a qué se refiere con <i>cantidad de sustancia</i> y su interpretación es motivo de debates,<sup><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol#cite_note-0"><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: all; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">]</span></span></a></sup> aunque normalmente se da por hecho que se refiere al número de entidades, como parece confirmar la propuesta de que a partir del 2011 la definición se base directamente en el número de Avogadro (de modo similar a como se define el metro a partir de la velocidad de la luz).<sup><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol#cite_note-1"><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: all; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">]</span></span></a></sup></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El número de unidades elementales –</span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">átomos</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">moléculas</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iones</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">electrones</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Radical (química)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">radicales</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> u otras partículas o grupos específicos de éstas– existentes en un <b>mol</b> de sustancia es, por definición, una constante que no depende del material ni del tipo de partícula considerado. Esta cantidad es llamada </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_Avogadro" title="Número de Avogadro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">número de Avogadro</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (N<sub>A</sub>)<sup><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol#cite_note-avogadro-constant-2"><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: all; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">]</span></span></a></sup> y equivale a:</span></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape alt="\rm
1 \, mol =
6, 022 \, 141 \, 79 \, (30) \, \cdot 10^{23}\ unidades \; elementales
" id="Imagen_x0020_63" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 17.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 336.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="; elementales
" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></imagedata></shape></span><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol#cite_note-avogadro-constant-2"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: all; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">]</span></span></span></a></span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dado el tamaño extremadamente pequeño de las unidades fundamentales, y su número inmensamente grande, es imposible contar individualmente las partículas de una muestra. Esto llevó a desarrollar métodos para determinar estas cantidades de manera rápida y sencilla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Si tuviésemos que crear una unidad de cantidad de sustancia hoy en día, seguramente se utilizaría la "Tera-partícula" (10<sup>12</sup> partículas) o algo similar. Sin embargo, dado que el <b>mol</b> se ha definido hace ya tiempo y en otro contexto de investigación, se han utilizado diferentes métodos. El primer acercamiento fue el de </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Loschmidt" title="Joseph Loschmidt"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Joseph Loschmidt</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, intentando contabilizar el número de moléculas en un centímetro cúbico de sustancias gaseosas bajo condiciones normales de presión y temperatura.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los químicos del </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIX" title="Siglo XIX"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">siglo XIX</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> usaron como referencia un método basado en el peso y decidieron utilizar unos patrones de masa que contuviesen el mismo número de átomos o moléculas. Como en las experiencias de laboratorio se utilizan generalmente cantidades del orden del gramo, definieron los términos átomo-gramo, molécula-gramo, fórmula-gramo, etc. Actualmente estos términos no se usan y han sido sustituidos por el <b>mol</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Más adelante el mol queda determinado como el número de moléculas H<sub>2</sub> existentes en dos gramos de hidrógeno, lo que da el peculiar número de 6,022 141 79 (30) × 10<sup>23</sup> al que se conoce como </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_Avogadro" title="Número de Avogadro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">número de Avogadro</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Además hay que tener claro que esta fórmula se usa sólo cuando nos pidan calcular cierta cantidad de algo que compone un elemento.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 108pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Un mol de moléculas H<sub>2</sub> equivale a 2 gramos de hidrógeno, un mol de átomos H será entonces un gramo de este elemento. O sea que en un gramo de hidrógeno hay 6,02214179 (30) × 10<sup>23</sup> átomos.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para evitar ambigüedades, en el caso de sustancias macroelementales conviene por lo tanto indicar, cuando sea necesario, si se trata de átomos o de moléculas. Por ejemplo: "un mol de moléculas de nitrógeno" (N<sub>2</sub>) equivale a 28 g de nitrógeno. O, en general, especificar el tipo de partículas o unidades elementales a que se refiere.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El mol se puede aplicar a las partículas, incluyendo los fotones, cuya masa es nula. En este caso, no cabe establecer comparaciones basadas en la masa.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En los compuestos iónicos también puede utilizarse el concepto de <b>mol</b>, aun cuando no están formados por moléculas discretas. En ese caso el mol equivale al término fórmula-gramo. Por ejemplo: 1 mol de NaCl (58,5 g) contiene N<sub>A</sub> iones Na<sup>+</sup> y N<sub>A</sub> iones Cl<sup>–</sup>, donde N<sub>A</sub> es el número de Avogadro.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Por ejemplo para el caso de la molécula de agua</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Se sabe que en una molécula de H<sub>2</sub>O hay 2 átomos de hidrógeno y un átomo de oxígeno.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Se puede calcular su Mr(H<sub>2</sub>O) = 2 × Ar(H) + Ar(O) = 2 × 1 + 16 = 18, o sea Mr(H<sub>2</sub>O) = 18 uma.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Se calcula la masa molecular absoluta = 18 × 1,66 × 10<sup>-24</sup>g = 2,99 × 10<sup>-23</sup>g.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Se conoce su masa molar = M(H<sub>2</sub>O) = 18 g/mol (1 mol de H<sub>2</sub>O contiene 18 g, formados por 2 g de H y 16 g de O).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En un mol de agua hay 6,02214179 (30) × 10<sup>23</sup> moléculas de H<sub>2</sub>O, a la vez que:</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En un mol de agua hay 2 × 6,02214179 (30) × 10<sup>23</sup> átomos de H (o sea 2 moles de átomos de hidrógeno) y 6,02214179 (30) × 10<sup>23</sup> átomos de O (o sea 1 mol de átomos de oxígeno).</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sus equivalencias:</span></span></i></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 mol de alguna sustancia es equivalente a 6,02214179 (30) × 10<sup>23</sup> unidades elementales.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La masa de un mol de sustancia, llamada <i>masa molar</i>, es equivalente a la masa atómica o molecular (según se haya considerado un mol de átomos o de moléculas) expresada en gramos.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 mol de </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_los_gases_ideales" title="Ley de los gases ideales"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">gas ideal</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ocupa un volumen de 22,4 </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litro" title="Litro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">L</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> a 0 °C de temperatura y 1 </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atm%C3%B3sfera_(unidad)" title="Atmósfera (unidad)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">atm</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> de presión; y de 22,7 L si la presión es de 1 bar (0,9869 atm).</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El número <b>n</b> de moles de átomos (o de moléculas si se trata de un compuesto) presentes en una cantidad de sustancia de masa <b>m</b>, es:</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;"><shape alt="
n = \cfrac{m}{M}
" id="Imagen_x0020_64" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 28.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 45.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="cfrac{m}{M}
" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></imagedata></shape></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">donde <b>M</b> es la masa atómica (o molecular, si se trata de un compuesto).</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-32079792047658283642012-03-19T17:36:00.000-07:002012-03-19T17:40:34.242-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Nomenclatura de UIQPA</span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> La UIQPA (Unión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada). A algunos compuestos se les asigna un nombre común o trivial. A los elementos con número de oxidación positivo se les llama cationes y a los que tienen número de oxidación negativo aniones. Cuando se unen dos o más átomos la especie se llama radical químico y su número de oxidación es la suma algebraica de los números de oxidación de cada elemento. Al escribir la fórmula de un compuesto se acostumbra poner primero el símbolo del componente que posee el número de oxidación y para nombrarlos se emplea primero el nombre del radical negativo.</span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Las fórmulas de los compuestos se clasifican por el número de elementos que las forman en:</span></span></i></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Binarios:</span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Se componen de dos elementos diferentes.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ternarios:</span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Se componen de tres elementos diferentes.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Poliatómicos:</span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Se componen de más de tres elementos.</span></span></div>
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<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0cm 0pt;">
<em><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Uso de la notación E/Z en la nomenclatura de alquenos.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></em></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">En algunos casos la nomenclatura <i>cis/trans </i>no se puede usar por ejemplo en el caso de 1-cloro-1-fluor-1-propeno ¿cual de los dos halógenos se considerará para decir si es cis o trans?</span> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape alt="http://132.248.103.112/nomencla/246.gif" id="Imagen_x0020_51" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 1in; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 142.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="246" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></imagedata></shape><shape alt="http://132.248.103.112/nomencla/248.gif" id="Imagen_x0020_52" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 1in; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 142.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="248" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></imagedata></shape></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La IUPAC consideró una serie de reglas de prioridad para resolver estos casos e introdujo la nomenclatura E / Z . De esta forma siguiendo las reglas se le da prioridad de los grupos en ambos lados de la doble ligadura y el nombre considerará la mayor prioridad de estos grupos.:</span> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reglas para la asignación de E o Z. </span></span></div>
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<ol type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Cada extremo de la doble ligadura se considera por separado. </span> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La primer condición es que los dos grupos en cada extremo sean diferente si esto se cumple se les asigna orden de prioridad</span> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Se usa la notación E ( del aleman Entgegen, separado) cuando el compuesto tiene los dos grupos de mayor prioridad opuestos sobre la doble ligadura</span> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Se usa la notación Z ( del alemán zusammen, juntos) cuando el compuesto tiene los dos grupos de mayor prioridad del mismo lado de la doble ligadura. </span> </span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="cip"></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tres cientificos decidieron establecer una serie de reglas para la prioridad de los grupos y se conocen como las reglas de Cahn-Ingold-Prelog:</span> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reglas de Cahn-Ingold-Prelog para la asignación de prioridad de grupos en estereoquímica. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los grupos que se van a priorizar se comparan átomo por átomo empezando por los átomos conectados al sitio del estereoisomerismo, en este caso los átomos de la doble ligadura. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los átomos comparados se acomodad en base a su número atómico. Los de mayor número atómico tienen mayor prioridad. Asi tendremos en orden de mayor a menor prioridad: I, Br, Cl, F, O, N, C, H. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Si los átomos comparados tienen el mismo número atómico, pero difieren en masa ( son isótopos) La prioridad está en base al incremento de número de masa. Asi tenemos en orden de mayor a menor prioridad: T, D, H. (i.e. <sup>3</sup>H, <sup>2</sup>H, <sup>1</sup>H). </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Si dos átomos son iguales nos movemos a lo largo de la cadena del centro estereoquímico hacia afuera comparando átomo por átomo hasta encontrar alguna diferencia. Asi tendríamos en orden decreciente de prioridad: BrCH<sub>2</sub>-, FCH<sub>2</sub>-, HOCH<sub>2</sub>-, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>-, CH<sub>3</sub>-. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para uniones múltiples, considerar cada unión como conexión individual al siguiente átomo: </span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;"><shape alt="http://132.248.103.112/nomencla/704.gif" id="Imagen_x0020_53" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 187.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 375pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="704" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></imagedata></shape></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">:</span> </span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No se deben de usar simultaneamente los dos métodos de nomenclatura el cis/trans y el E/Z </span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tipos de fertilizantes</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><img height="328" id="il_fi" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2WxYALbTClg/S-lVug31b7I/AAAAAAAAACQ/O6p_zFU5I3I/s1600/13080_8812_Disebi.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="328" /></span></i></b></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Son sustancias químicas que se utilizan en los cultivos con el fin de garantizar una buena producción, en un lapso de tiempo y buscar una buena calidad en el producto cultivado, es por ello que los agricultores y los técnicos especialistas en el ramo deben ser conscientes y usar dichos químicos de forma adecuada pues su mal uso ocasiona daños a nuestros suelos, el agua, el aire; en pocas palabras daña al ambiente en que vivimos.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Como todos sabemos, el ser humano es el principal causante de la contaminación del medio ambiente… ¿por qué no tomar conciencia? Y hacer de nuestro mundo el mejor, libre de contaminación tanto del agua, el aire, el suelo, en pocas palabras de todo lo que nos rodea. Esta contaminación se debe a muchos factores entre ellos el mal uso de fertilizantes químicos el cual daña nuestros suelos, nuestro aire y el agua a pesar de que proporciona nutrientes a las plantas que en muchos casos consumimos.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los fertilizantes pueden clasificarse de distinta maneras, ya sea según su origen ( inorgánicos e orgánicos ), composición (puros y compuestos) o característica (líquidos y sólidos) y usos a los que están destinados.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La adecuada elección dependerá de:<br />La fertilidad del suelo y su nivel de salinidad.<br />Cantidad de agua disponible.<br />-Condiciones climatológicas.<br />Tamaño de la especie vegetal.<br />Tipo de planta: examinar si es cultivada por sus hojas o sus flores; su época de floración (antes o después de las hojas); su estructura y resistencia (si son quebradizas o están expuestas a vientos fuertes); su edad.</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los fertilizantes inorganicos</span></span></i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pueden ser de origen natural extraídos de la tierra, como el nitrato (de Chile) o bien sintéticos elaborados por el hombre.<br />Las plantas no distinguen entre procedencia natural o sintética, y ambos se descomponen antes de ser absorbidos.<br />Generalmente los de este tipo son de acción rápida y estimulan el crecimiento y vigor de las plantas cuando se aplican sobre la superficie.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En el mercado se pueden encontrar una serie de marcas que distribuyen distintos tipos de fertilizantes con un nombre comercial. Lo importante al momento de elegir, es fijarse en el contenido de nutrientes que aporta cada fertilizante,expresado en porcentaje. Así por ejemplo un fertilizante cuya composición es 8-16-16, significa que aporta un 8% de N, 13% de P (P2O5) Y 16% de K (K2O).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Los fertilizantes organicos</span></i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> pueden ser de origen animal (guano) o vegetal (compost, abonos verdes). La mayoría son de acción lenta, pues proporcionan nitrógeno orgánico que debe ser transformado en inorgánico por las bacterias del suelo antes de ser absorbido por las raíces. Como estos organismos no actúan en suelos fríos, ácidos o empapados, su efectividad y rapidez de acción dependerá del terreno.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Con estos fertilizantes no es tan fácil que se quemen las hojas como con los inorgánicos y efectúan un suministro continuo de alimento a las plantas por mucho tiempo, pero resultan más caros.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Los fertilizantes orgánicos pueden ser de origen animal o vegetal.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los fertilizantes simples están formados por un solo ingrediente activo. Generalmente contiene un solo alimento vegetal básico o pequeñas cantidades de otros (como la harina de huesos).<br />· Los fertilizantes compuestos están formados por mezclas de ingredientes activos, y generalmente contienen los 3 nutrientes vegetales principales. Muchos de ellos contienen al mismo tiempo fuentes de sustancias nutritivas de acción rápida y lenta, lo que les permite mantener su acción nutritiva por más tiempo.</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tipos de Sales</span></i></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SALES DE HIDRÁCIDOS </span></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ÁCIDO + HIDRÓXIDO </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ÁCIDO CLORHIDRICO + HIDRÓXIDO DE SODIO = SAL + AGUA </span></i></strong><b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HCL + NaOH --------> CLNa + H<sub>2</sub> O</span></strong></span></i></b></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cloruro de Sodio + Agua</span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SALES DE OXOACIDOS </span></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">OXOÁCIDO + AGUA </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ÁCIDO NITROSO + HIDRÓXIDO DE POTASIO = SAL + AGUA </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">NO<sub>2</sub>H + K0H -----------> NO<sub>2</sub>K + H<sub>2</sub>O</span></i></strong></div>
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<em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nitrito de Potasio + Agua </span></b></em></div>
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<em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ACIDO NITRICO + HIDROXIDO DE POTASIO = SAL + AGUA </span></b></em></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HNO<sub>3</sub> + KOH -----------> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KNO<sub>2 </sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>O</span></i></strong><b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></i></b></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nitrato de Potasio </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SALES NEUTRAS, ÁCIDAS, BÁSICAS Y MIXTAS</span></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reacción total de sales: sales neutras </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Neutras: todos los átomos de H del ácido son sustituidos por el átomo del metal. </span></i></strong></div>
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<em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">H <sub>2</sub> SO <sub>4</sub>+ 2 K(OH)</span></b></em><strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> -----------> </span></i></strong><em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>K <sub>2</sub> SO <sub>4</sub> + 2 H <sub>2</sub>O </span></b></em></div>
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<em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sulfato de Potasio </span></b></em></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reacción parcial de sales: sales ácidas </span></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ácidas: conserva los átomos de hidrógeno </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">H <sub>2</sub> SO <sub>4</sub>+ K(OH) -----------> K.H.SO <sub>4</sub>+ H <sub>2</sub>O </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sulfato ácido de Potasio</span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reacción parcial de sales: sales básicas </span></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Básicas: neutralización incompleta de un ácido monoprótico con una base polihidróxica </span></i></strong></div>
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<em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HCL + Mg(OH) <sub>2</sub> </span></b></em><strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-----------> </span></i></strong><em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mg.OH.CL + H<sub>2</sub> O </span></b></em></div>
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<em><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cloruro básico de magnesio </span></b></em></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reacción total de sales: sales neutra </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2HCL + MgCL 2 = MgCL 2 + 2H 2 O </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cloruro neutro de magnesio </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SALES MIXTAS </span></i></strong></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Resultan de sustituir los hidrógenos de un ácido polipróptico por átomos de diferentes metales </span></span></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">H <sub>2</sub> SO <sub>4</sub> + NaOH + KOH <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-----------> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NaKSO <sub>4</sub> + 2H <sub>2</sub>O</span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sulfato de Sodio y de Potasio </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">OTRAS SALES </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">El nitruro de hidrógeno o amoníaco es un gas, al disolverse en agua forma un compuesto denominado hidróxido de amonio. </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">El hidróxido de amonio reacciona con los ácidos como los demás hidróxidos, dando sales </span></i></strong></div>
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<strong><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tabla de nomenclatura general de las sales</span></i></strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></h2>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGridAccent4" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 707px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 2.25pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #8064a2 1pt solid; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Fórmula</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 2.25pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #8064a2 1pt solid; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 102.75pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Nomenclatura</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 2.25pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #8064a2 1pt solid; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 190.5pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">N</span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">umero</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ro de átomos </span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 2.25pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #8064a2 1pt solid; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 154.5pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Numeral de stock </span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">NaCL</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cloruro de sodio</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cloruro de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cloruro de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">AlBr<sub>3</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Bromuro de aluminio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Tribromuro de aluminio</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Bromuro de aluminio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">KNO<sub>2</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Nitrito de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Dioxonitrato de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Nitrato(III) de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">NaNO<sub>3</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Nitrato de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Trioxonitrato de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Nitrato(V) de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">CaSO<sub>3</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfito de calcio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Trioxosulfato de calcio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato(IV) de calcio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Tetraoxosulfato de disodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Silfato(VI) de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato de aluminio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Tetraoxosulfato de dialuminio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato(VI) de aluminio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">LiClO</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Hipoclorito de litio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Monoxoclorato de litio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Clorato(I) de litio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Fe(Cl0<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Clorato férrico </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Trioxoclorato de hierro </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Clorato(V) de hierro(III) </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato de amonio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Tetraoxosulfato de diamonio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato(VI) de amonio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">K<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Manganato de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Tetraoxomanganato de dipotasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Manganato(VI) de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">NaHSO<sub>4</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sufato ácido de sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Tetraoxosulfato de hidrógeno y sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato(VI) de hidrógeno y sodio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">MgClOH</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cloruro básico de magnesio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Hidroxocloruro de magnesio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Hidroxicloruro de magnesio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">CuCO<sub>3</sub>OH</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Carbonato básico de cobre </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Hidroxocarbonato de cobre </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Hidroxicarbonato de cobre(I) </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">NaKSO<sub>3</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfito de sodio y de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Trioxosulfato de sodio y de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #dfd8e8; border-bottom: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #8064a2 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Sulfato(IV)de sodio y de potasio </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bibliografias </span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Libro: Quimica General </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Víctor M. Ramírez Regalado</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2da edición</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Publicaciones Cultural </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> México, 2005</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://132.248.103.112/nomencla/nomen62.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">http://132.248.103.112/nomencla/nomen62.htm</span></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-8700298844722802952012-03-19T17:13:00.002-07:002012-04-28T16:55:23.195-07:00La nutricion, ¿qué és?<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">LA <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NUTRICION</span></i></b></div>
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<br /><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><img height="314" id="il_fi" src="http://salud.host56.com/img/Nutricion.gif" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="320" />La nutrición es la ingesta de alimentos en relación con las necesidades dietéticas del organismo. Una buena nutrición (una dieta suficiente y equilibrada combinada con el ejercicio físico regular) es un elemento fundamental de la buena salud. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Una mala nutrición puede reducir la inmunidad, aumentar la vulnerabilidad a las enfermedades, alterar el desarrollo físico y mental, y reducir la productividad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los alimentos proporcionan la energía y los nutrientes que necesita para estar sano. Entre los nutrientes se incluyen las </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="noreveal"></a><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/dietaryproteins.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #005988;">proteínas</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/carbohydrates.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #005988; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">carbohidratos</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span></span></span><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/dietaryfats.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #005988; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">grasas</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span></span></span><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/vitamins.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #005988; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">vitaminas</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span></span></span><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/minerals.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #005988; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">minerales</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> y </span></span></span><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/drinkingwater.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #005988; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">agua</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">. </span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Aprender a comer de manera nutritiva no es difícil. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><img height="225" id="il_fi" src="http://www.nutricionnatural.info/images/nutricion-natural-proteinas.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="250" />Las claves son:</span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Consumir una variedad de alimentos, que incluyan los vegetales, frutas y productos con granos integrales </span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Consumir carnes magras, aves, pescado, guisantes y productos lácteos descremados </span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Beber mucha agua </span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">·</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Consumir moderadamente </span></span></span><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/dietarysodium.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"><span style="color: #005988; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">sal</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: noreveal;"></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">, azúcar, alcohol, grasas saturadas y grasas trans</span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Las grasas saturadas suelen provenir de los animales.</span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Desnutrición: falta de aporte adecuado de energía y/o de nutrientes acordes con las necesidades biológicas del organismo, que produce un estado catabólico, sistémico y potencialmente reversible.<br />Mala nutrición: es causada por una insuficiencia o exceso de uno o más nutrientes en la dieta. Una persona corre riesgo de malnutrición si la cantidad de energía y/o nutrientes de la dieta no satisface sus necesidades nutricionales. Una mala nutrición puede causar varias enfermedades como principlamente la obesidad, la bulimia, la anorexia.<br /><br />Enfermedades:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><img height="312" id="il_fi" src="http://www.colilunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/obesidad-infantil.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="472" /></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La obesidad, o sea la acumulación de un exceso de grasa corporal, es una forma grave de malnutrición y ha llegado a constituir un problema de proporciones epidémicas en las sociedades ricas de los países industrializados. El peso excesivo impone una carga extra al corazón y puede causar cardiopatía grave y otros trastornos. Las personas obesas generalmente mueren a menor edad que las de peso normal. Según estadísticas de las compañías aseguradoras, los varones con 20% de o más de sobrepeso tienen mayor riesgo de morir por cardiopatía (43%), hemorragia cerebral (53%) y diabetes (133%) que los que tienen peso normal. Un hombre con 20% de sobrepeso tiene 30 % mayor probabilidad de morir antes de la edad de jubilación que si su peso fuera normal. Y, sin embargo, un tercio de la población trabajadora en estados unidos tiene sobrepeso de 25% o más. <br />La obesidad puede resultar de un incremento en el tamaño o el número de adipocitos (células adiposas)m i ambas cosas. Al parecer, el número de adipocitos en el adulto es determinado principalmente por la cantidad almacenada durante la lactancia y la infancia. Cuando lactantes o niños pequeños son alimentados en exceso, se forman cantidades anormalmente grandes de adipocitos. Mas tarde en la vida estas células pueden llenarse de un exceso de lípidos o encogerse, pero siempre están presentes. Se piensa que las personas con tales cantidades aumentadas de adipocitos son más susceptibles a la obesidad que aquellas que tiene cantidades de normales<br />anorexia<br />Es muy común que las personas -especialmente las mujeres- se encuentren insatisfechas con su peso y su figura. Desde los medios de comunicación, la presión es constante para que creamos que “flaco” significa lindo, exitosos, feliz y “gordo” significa “poco atractivo e indeseable”.<br />Además recibimos más y más consejos acerca de que tipo de comida es buena para nosotros y como debe ser nuestra figura, por lo que no es raro que muchos estemos cada vez más pendiente de nuestra apariencia o de lo que comemos.<br />Pero quien sufre un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria se da cuenta que su vida comienza a girar alrededor de la comida, planeando que va a comer, como evitar comer, o como compensar lo que ha comido. Esta preocupación por la comida puede parecer la única forma de manejar el estrés o la incertidumbre, provocándose una gran confusión<br />Nuestro cuerpo puede sufrir daños internos por la pérdida excesiva de peso y de las sustancias que el organismo necesita.<br />Podemos volvernos muy sensibles a temperaturas extremas.<br />Podemos sentirnos débiles y con muy poca resistencia para llevar el ritmo diario de nuestras actividades.<br />En el caso de las mujeres, el ciclo menstrual puede verse afectado.<br />Nuestro ritmo habitual de sueño puede verse perturbado.<br />Podemos sentirnos deprimidos o decaídos, o muy irritables y con cambios constantes en nuestro humor.<br />Los trastornos más comunes de la conducta alimentaria son: la anorexia nerviosa, la bulimia nerviosa y el comer compulsivo.<br />Los elementos más comunes a todos ellos, cuya presencia es imprescindible para su diagnóstico, son:<br />• La preocupación extrema por el peso y la imagen corporal<br />• Las prácticas reiterativas de control de peso.<br /><br />La Bulimia Nerviosa<br />Esta forma de trastorno del comer es menos evidente que la anorexia nerviosa, porque el aspecto exterior no se modifica tanto. Las persona que nos rodean puede no darse cuenta de nuestro malestar, porque presentamos no tener problemas para encarar la vida y solemos parecer felices y confiados cuando en verdad nos sentimos muy distinto. <br />Mientras estamos sufriendo de bulimia nerviosa, nos ponemos a menudo muy inseguros y tenemos mucho miedo de no alcanzar lo que se espera de nosotros. Eso nos vuelve más vulnerables en una etapa de incertidumbre y cambios.<br /><br />La Composición de los Alimentos: Principios Inmediatos<br />Alimentarse para conservar la salud y evitar las enfermedades es la base de la alimentación sana, para ello se han de conocer las necesidades nutritivas de cada persona. Éstas se concretan en una serie de substancias, llamadas nutrientes, que debemos obtener de los alimentos.<br />Estos nutrientes son los que intervienen en el metabolismo y son aprovechados por el organismo para satisfacer sus necesidades.<br /><br />Los alimentos nos proporcionan las substancias que serán metabolizadas para obtener la energía necesaria para que el organismo realice las tareas para mantenerse con vida. <br /><br />Las proteínas, formadas por unos veinte aminoácidos diferentes, algunos de ellos,son sintetizados por el organismo, pero otros, deben ingerirse con los alimentos.<br />Los hidratos de carbono, son los nutrientes formados por hidrógeno, oxígeno, agua, y carbono. <br /><br />Se llaman también glúcidos, son los más abundantes en la Naturaleza, y los sintetizan las plantas verdes mediante la fotosíntesis a partir del dióxido de carbono del aire y la energía solar.<br />Las vitaminas, al igual que los minerales, son substancias que nuestro organismo necesita en muy poca cantidad, tienen estructura variada y actuan como reguladores en muchos de los procesos que se realizan para asimilar los nutrientes y obtener energía.<br /><br />Su ausencia en la dieta es causa de enfermedades como el raquitismo, la ceguera nocturna, anemia, etc...<br /><br />Se encuentran en la mayor parte de los alimentos aunque en mayor cantidad en frutas y verduras<br />Las vitaminas, al igual que los minerales, son substancias que nuestro organismo necesita en muy poca cantidad, tienen estructura variada y actuan como reguladores en muchos de los procesos que se realizan para asimilar los nutrientes y obtener energía.</span></span></div>
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<strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bibliografía:</span></i></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #111111;"><a href="http://www.who.int/topics/nutrition/es/"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">http://www.who.int/topics/nutrition/es/</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #111111;"></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lista de comida que se consumio durante 3 días</span></span></i></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Viernes</span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sábado</span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Domingo</span></span></i></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(75, 172, 198) rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(75, 172, 198) rgb(75, 172, 198); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.05pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 vaso de leche</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 galletas </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 Boing (250ml).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 cocktel de Frutas </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2 Pandotas (dulces)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 ½ lts. De agua simple<b></b></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(75, 172, 198) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt medium; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.05pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 licuado (500 ml).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 torta de salchicha</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 l. De Agua de Frutas </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cereal con leche </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 bolsa de palomitas (200 g).</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(75, 172, 198) rgb(75, 172, 198) rgb(75, 172, 198) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.1pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 vaso de leche (300 ml).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2 piezas de pollo rostizado</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3 Tortillas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 vaso de refresco (250 ml).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 Vaso de yoghurt (250 ml)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 Plato de cereal con leche </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1 Gelatina de limon</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-71559990340251506172012-02-09T15:11:00.000-08:002012-02-09T15:11:44.696-08:00<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">QUÍMICA, UNIVERSO, TIERRA Y VIDA.</span></i></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">CAPÍTULO I: Átomos y moléculas en el universo. La tabla periódica de los elementos. </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><br /></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><br /> En este capìtulo nos da la explicación del surgimiento de los primes elementos, la forma de la clasificación de estos en la tabla periódica y su composición química.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Tambien nos habla acerca del agua, del cómo está formada y cuán importancia tiene para nosotros como personas y como planeta., además nos habla de su composición y todo lo que hemos hecho para saber más de ella, que siendo una simple molécula, siempre va a servirnos para hacer cualquier cosa en nuestra vida cotidiana.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Además podemos encontrarnos con cosas que suceden día a día, pero quizá no nos habíamos dado cuenta de que existían o tenían que ver con la química. Tal como el caso de la electrólisis de los metales. Que, para poder entenderlo mejor, un ejemplo podría ser, cuando se hacen baños de oro o plata.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">El agua no es la única combinación que puede obtenerse entre el hidrógeno y oxígeno. Existe además el compuesto que tiene un átomo de oxigeno más que el agua, normalmente es conocida como peróxido de hidrógeno o agua oxigenada cuya estructura es H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">La atmósfera primitiva de la Tierra</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cuando la Tierra aún no se iniciaba a la vida, debió existir una atmósfera muy diferente a la actual, ya que se suponía que estaba compuesta por vapor de agua (H<sub>2</sub>O), amoniaco (NH<sub>3</sub>) hidrocarburo y principalmente de metano (CH<sub>4</sub>), conteniendo también ácido sulfhídrico (H<sub>2</sub>S).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Los principales elementos de que está formado el cuerpo humano son carbono (C), Oxígeno (O), hidrógeno (H), y nitrógeno (N). Las molécula más abundante en los seres vivos es el agua, en el ser humano llega a ocupar mas del 70% de su peso.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">También nos dio a conocer el que elementos abundaban en la atmósfera primitiva, nos dio a entender que si hubiésemos vivido en aquella atmósfera, no hubieran sido posibles muchas cosas, e incluso quizá no hubiéramos vivido.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Habla también del agua, sus propiedades y su importancia. También de la obtención de hidrógeno a partir de la descomposición del agua por electrólisis, así como la obtención de metales por medio de esta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">También nos habla de el agua oxigenada y de sus propiedades causadas por tener un átomo de oxigeno extra como ser un excelente oxidante, decolorante y desinfectante.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">También hace mención de los elementos más abundantes, creados a partir de la explosión que dio origen en la vida, además de los componentes del planeta tierra, antes y después de su enfriamiento</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">II El átomo del carbono, los hidrocarburos, otras moléculas orgánicas, su posible existencia en la Tierra primitiva y en otros cuerpos celestes</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">En este capitulo hace mención del carbono, pues explica sus cualidades, además de sus cualidades en estado libre y la forma de sus enlaces, así como las propiedades de cada una de sus formas libres (como la capacidad del grafito de conducir electricidad por el átomo extra de carbono con el que cuenta).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">La generación del carbono se dio en el interior de la estrellas. Cuando la nube de polvo y gas fue comprimida por la onda de choque producida por la explosión de una estrella supernova, se formo la nebulosa, en cuyo centro de concentro produciendo nuestro Sol. Alrededor del Sol, la materia fue siendo más fría, con éste material se fueron formando los planetas y sus lunas.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">La Tierra tuvo una atmósfera rica en hidrógeno (H<sub>2</sub>) por lo que el carbono (C) reaccionó con él formando moléculas de hidrocarburos, uno de los más sencillos es el metano (CH<sub>4</sub>).Debido a que el carbono tiene la propiedad de unirse formando cadenas lineales, ramificadas o cíclicas forman un aserie de sustancias con fórmulas precisas.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">También enfatiza a los hidrocarburos y su importancia. Los cuales son resultado de la unión de un átomo de carbono con cuatro de hidrógeno, así como la serie de butanos, hizo butanos, etc. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Además se enfoca a los átomos y las moléculas de la tierra en su estado primitivo, y también de los demás planetas, como la atmosfera de júpiter y venus.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Sin mencionar a lo heteras, que, son producto de dos átomos de carbono con oxígeno. Como el heter metílico, metil heter y el heter etílico.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">III </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Radiación solar, aplicación de la radiación, capa protectora de ozono, fotosíntesis, atmósfera oxidante, condiciones apropiadas para la vida animal.</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Habla de la radiación solar, la capa de ozono, sus componentes, fotosíntesis: explicando la reacción, desde la absorción de luz por la clorofila y las reacciones fotoquímicas a las que conlleva. Explica la cualidad de la luz de excitar moléculas. Lo que lleva a las reacciones fotoquímicas, que son las reacciones provocadas por la excitación de una molécula por la luz. El libro usa como ejemplo la retina humana; la cual se dilata o se contrae según la cantidad de luz a la que este expuesta.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Menciona la producción de energía por medio de las celdas fotovoltaicas. En donde la luz es convertida en energía eléctrica, que es usada como fuente de energía en los satélites artificiales. También toma en cuenta las reacciones fotovoltaicas que se producen algunos organismos, como la producción de glucosa a partir del co<sub>2</sub>.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">En el Sol se generan grandes </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">cantidades de energía mediante reacciones termonucleares.</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> La energía radiante se propaga por el espacio viajando .1 razón de 300000 km por segundo (velocidad de la </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">luz). A esta velocidad, las radiaciones llegan a la Tierra </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">(ocho minutos después de ser generadas), </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">viajan por el espacio</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> en to</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">das las direcciones en forma de ondas.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">IV Vida animal, hemoglobina, energía de compuestos orgánicoas, dominio del fuego.</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Hace referencia a la hemoglobina; es una cromoproteína compuesta por usa estructura semejante a la clorofila, pero esta contiene fierro y el oxígeno se adhiera a el (de forma reversible). También explica la diferencia entre el humano y los demás organismos. Hace énfasis en la característica capacidad mental del humano.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Esto lleva a mencionar las características del cerebro, así como las reacciones químicas que produce, rigiendo las emociones y las las sensaciones del cuerpo.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Habla de las capacidades de las plantas medicinales y las reacciones que producen. Como son el opio y la morfina; estos, fueron los primeros analgésicos.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">El desabrimiento del fuego; primera reacción química controlada por el hombre, esto condujo a la manipulación de otros elementos; oro, plomo, cobre, estaño, azufre y carbón.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Además, nos dice de las reacciones de envejecimiento del cuerpo, donde interviene el oxigeno; haciendo contacto con el hierro para oxidarlo, y las radiaciones libres del envejecimiento del ser humano.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">La capa de ozono formada por la acción de la luz ultravioleta</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dio a la Tierra una protección contra la alta energía</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">de</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> esta misma radiación, creándose así las condiciones</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> apropiadas para la aparición de la vida.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">El cerebro es un órgano maravilloso que distingue al </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">hombre de los demás animales y lo ha llevado a dominar </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Paneta y, más aún, a conocer otros mundos.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Siendo el cerebro un órgano tan importante, es lógico </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">que sea alimentado en forma privilegiada en rela</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">ción los demás órganos del cuerpo.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Invernción del fuego </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">El fuego es la primera reacción química que el hombre </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">domina a voluntad. El hombre aprendió a iniciar la reacción </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.7pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">a avivarla aumentando el oxígeno al soplar sobre Ias </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">brasas en contacto con leña seca, y más tarde supo ini</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">ciarlo con chispas y por fricción.</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Una vez controlado el fuego, el hombre lo pudo aplicar</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> al cocimiento de alimentos, y más tarde a la <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">acción de utensilios de arcilla, endurecidos por el fuego.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">V Importancia de las plantas en la vida del hombre: usos mágicos y medicinales</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Nos explica el uso e importancia de las plantas en la vida del hombre. Trata las capacidades de las plantas medicinales, hace referencia a las mas importantes; las capacidades de las plantas medicinales fueron descubiertas después del fuego, pues el hombre primitivo hacia infusiones de plantas que irradian un olor agradable; fabricando así soluciones medicinales, esto lleva a la fermentación de las plantas; y no solo eso, también se descubre que las raíces producen espuma, la cual se puede usar como jabón. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Además de las plantas medicinales, existen otras con propiedades contrarias; son plantas con propiedades masivas y altamente venenosas, que son sumamente toxicas para otros organismos; se conocen como drogas.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Existen muchos ejemplos de plantas medicinales </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">y alucinógenas. Todas ellas son un interesante </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">material </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">para realizar estudios químicos. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Muchas plantas fueron utilizadas en ritos mágico-religio</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">sos y muchas de ellas continúan en uso hasta nuestros días</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Estas plantas son muy venenosa</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">s debido a que contienen, entre otros alcaloides, la</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> estric</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">nina, sustancia tóxica que se usa para exterminar </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">roedores y animales de pieles finas.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_h7xMC80VX5k/TU9sAZr9Q-I/AAAAAAAAACM/Y_lI8RzRa6g/s1600/plantas-medicinales-aloe-vera-p.jpg"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape alt="" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_h7xMC80VX5k/TU9sAZr9Q-I/AAAAAAAAACM/Y_lI8RzRa6g/s1600/plantas-medicinales-aloe-vera-p.jpg" id="_x0000_i1025" o:button="t" style="height: 24pt; width: 24pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"></shape></span></a></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">VI Fermentaciones, pulque, colonche, tesgüino, pozol, modificaciones químicas</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">El </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">pulque es una bebida obtenida por fermentación la cual fue ritual para los mexicas y otros</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">pueblos mesoamericanos</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">El </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">pulque es el producto de la fermentación de la savia</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> azucarada o aguamiel, que se obtiene al eliminar el quio<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">te floral y hacer una cavidad en donde se acumula</span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">el aguamiel<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Hace mencion acerca de la fermentación de las bebidas alcohólicas. Producidas por nuestros ante pasados desde hace mucho tiempo. Esto es gracias a microrganismos responsables de producir cambios químicos en las sustancias, habla del pulque, bebida totalmente mexicana; era usada por los mexicas en ocasiones especiales. También del kolonche; bebida alcohólica de color roja, producto de la fermentación del jugo de tuna. Menciona también al tegüino, la fermentación del alcohol y la leche.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">La fermentación alcohólica producida por levaduras ha </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">sido utilizada por todos los diferentes pueblos de la Tierra.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las fermentaciones pueden ser provocadas por muy diversos microorganismos, por lo que las trasformaciones pueden seguir distintos, por lo mismo, se obtienes productos como ácido butírico, butanol, acetona, isopramol, etc.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> T</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">ambién las fermentaciones se han utilizado también para ob</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">tener corticoides.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">VII</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Es un capitulo muy entretenido porque explica la elaboración de jabones y detergentes; sus propiedades, además, hace mención de las sustancias que permiten las propiedades que el jabón tiene, así como el proceso de preparación, menciona sus usos, como los domésticos y el aseo personal, también menciona acerca del uso de plantas como jabón. Dice, que la soponina es una planta con estas propiedades, por que sus raíces y follaje producen espuma, la cual sirve como un jabón.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">VIII Hormonas vegetales y animales, feromonas, síntesis de hormonas a partir de sustancias vegetales.</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las plantas</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> como otros seres vivos, necesitan hormonas </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">para lograr un crecimiento armónico</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Todos estos movimientos de las plantas son provoca</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">dos por sustancias químicas. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las células del girasol se contraen en el sitio en donde </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">incide la luz solar formándose inhibidores de crecimiento</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">ese punto. El resultado es el de doblar el tallo forman-</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">una curva que apunta hacia el Sol.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hay tres tipos de mensajeros químicos: Feromonas, kairomonas y alomonas; </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las alomonas<i> </i>son sustancias que los insectos toman de </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">las plantas y que posteriormente usan como arma defen</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">siva; las kairomonas<i> </i>son sustancias químicas que </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.85pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">al ser</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">emitidas por un insecto atraen a ciertos parásitos que lo <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">atacarán, y las feromona<i>s </i>son sustancias químicas por </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">medio de las cuales se envían mensajes como atracción</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hormonas sexuales</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">El ser humano, al igual que otros seres vivos, produce </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">hormonas que ayudan a regular sus funciones. Entre las diversas hormonas que aquél produce se encuentran las </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">hormonas sexuales.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">La acción de la progesterona aislada es muy </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">específica. Ningún otro producto natural la posee y, </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">era muy escasa,. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">El producto obtenido no fue progesterona, pero</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">, la etisterona, que fue la que se produjo, tuvo actividad </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">progestacional, y aunque ésta posee tan sólo una tercera </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">parte de la actividad de la progesterona cuando es inyec</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">tada, es más activa que ella por vía oral.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">IX Guerras químicas, accidentes químicos</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">A</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">ntes<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> </span>de que el hombre apareciera sobre la Tierra ya </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">existía la guerra. Los vegetales luchaban entre sí por la luz y por el agua. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">La lucha contra insectos devoradores ha sido constante durante millones de años. Las plantas mal armadas sucum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">ben y son sustituidas por las que, han evolucionando y </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">elaborado nuevas y más eficaces sustancias que las de</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">fienden. Los insectos también responden, adaptándose </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">hasta tolerar las nuevas sustancias; muchos perecen y </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">algunas especies se extinguen, pero otras llegan a un </span>acuerdo y logran brindarse <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">ayuda mutua.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tambien da la explicación de todos las armas químicas usadas en la primera y segunda guerra mundial y en la guerra de Vietnam. Explica, sus componentes, para que se usaron y sus devastadores efectos, loas cuales se siguen usando en la actualidad. No solamente estas sustancias provocaron desastres con toda la intensión, sino que también hubo uso accidental. Estas sustancias, son catalogadas como las armas más letales creadas por el hombre; estas, al ser ingeridas o al entrar en contacto con ellas, causan grandes daños en la salud del individuo atacado, provocando severas enfermedades y consecuencias, tanto temporales como permanentes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Analisis: Me agrado el libro<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"> porque tiene temas que no todos los libros contienen ya que explica la información de una manera muy clara y concisa que hace que a quien lo lea, le parezca fácil y accesible de entender, ya que te habla sobre todo aquello que existe en el universo y mas, al igual en la forma en la que éste se redacta, ésto lo hace de una forma muy general y entendible para los que les interesa.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">El tema que a mí me llamo más la atención fue el que trataba sobre los planetas, cometas y todos estos cuerpos celestes que se encuentran en el Universo, ya que redacta de que elementos estas formados cada uno de éstos, sus dimensiones, y que gases y compuestos se pueden llegar a formar debido a las reacciones químicas que pueden adquirir y temperaturas en los que cada planeta obtiene según la distancia en la que éstos se encuentren respecto al Sol.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">En general, éste libro me fue muy útil respecto a que aprendí muchas cosas a las que lamentablemente yo ignoraba, sabiendo que muchos de éstos temas son de la vida cotidiana. Otro tema que también me gustó mucho fue el de las drogas medicinales, en especial el del zoapatle (medicina de la mujer) ya que esta información la explica de una manera muy profunda y cauta.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Considero que éste libro me ayudo a saber más sobre al entorno en el que estamos la cual eso nos hace pensar haciendo que tomemos en cuenta que tan importante es la vida y las riquezas que ésta nos ofrece; A la vez se toma más en cuenta esta materia ya que se puede tomar como una muy importante creándola también una de las bases de nuestra vida y de nuestro planeta.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Si recomendaría este libro porque te explica lo que es básicamente todo solo que de una forma compleja , te explica cosas muy interesantes, el hecho de explicar cómo se creo, la vida, los organismos, los animales, las plantas y hasta como nos creamos, nosotros los seres humanos, y lo más importante de cómo se creó este universo, tomando en cuanta nuestro planeta Tierra a la que nosotros pertenecemos. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-37796865019247998682012-02-08T16:15:00.000-08:002012-02-13T16:40:57.647-08:00<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">20. Reconoce que las sales son solubles y conductoras de la electricidad cuando están disueltas. (N2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">una <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sal</span> es un <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuesto_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Compuesto químico"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">compuesto químico</span></a> formado por <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cati%C3%B3n" title="Catión"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cationes</span></a> (<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iones</span></a> con carga positiva) enlazados a <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani%C3%B3n" title="Anión"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aniones</span></a> (iones con carga negativa). Son el producto típico de una <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Reacción química"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">reacción química</span></a> entre una <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Base (química)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">base</span></a></span> y un <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido" title="Ácido"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ácido</span></a></span>, la base proporciona el catión y el ácido el anión.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">La combinación química entre un ácido y un hidróxido (base) o un óxido y un hidronio (ácido) origina una sal más agua, lo que se denomina neutralización.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un ejemplo es la <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_de_mesa" title="Sal de mesa"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sal de mesa</span></a></span>, denominada en el lenguaje coloquial <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sal común</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sal marina</span> o simplemente <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sal</span>. Es la sal específica <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloruro_de_sodio" title="Cloruro de sodio"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cloruro de sodio</span></a>. Su <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fórmula química</span></a> es <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Na</span></a><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cl</span></a> y es el producto de la base <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xido_s%C3%B3dico" title="Hidróxido sódico"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidróxido sódico</span></a> (NaOH) y <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_clorh%C3%ADdrico" title="Ácido clorhídrico"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ácido clorhídrico</span></a>, <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">H</span></a><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cl</span></a>.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">En general, las sales son <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuesto_i%C3%B3nico" title="Compuesto iónico"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">compuestos iónicos</span></a> que forman <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cristales</span></a>. Son generalmente <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble" title="Soluble"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">solubles</span></a> en <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">agua</span></a>, donde se separan los dos iones. Las sales típicas tienen un <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">punto de fusión</span></a> alto, baja dureza, y baja compresibilidad. Fundidos o disueltos en agua, conducen la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricidad" title="Electricidad"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">electricidad</span></a>.</span><br />
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />21. Explica el comportamiento de las sales mediante un modelo. (N3)</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">22. Explica la formación de iones (aniones y cationes) a partir de átomos neutros (metal y no metal) por medio de la transferencia de electrones. (N2)</span></div>
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Un ion es un átomo o grupo de átomos cargado eléctricamente. Un ion positivo es un catión y un ion negativo es un anión. La formación de los iones a partir de los átomos es, en esencia, un proceso de pérdida o ganancia de electrones. Así, cuando un átomo como el de sodio (Na) pierde un electrón (e-) se convierte ( <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span>) en el catión Na+: Na - 1 e- <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span> Na+ (18.1) Si un átomo de oxígeno gana dos electrones se convierte en el anión O=: O + 2 e- <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span> O= (18.2) Cuando un ion sencillo se une con moléculas neutras o con otro ion de signo opuesto que no compensa totalmente su carga, se forma un ion complejo. Tal es el caso del ión amonio NH4 + producido por la unión del ión hidrógeno con la molécula de amoníaco <a href="http://www.mitecnologico.com/Main/NH3">NH3</a> : H+ + <a href="http://www.mitecnologico.com/Main/NH3">NH3</a> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span> NH4 + o del ion hidronio formado por la unión del ion hidrógeno con la molécula de agua H2 O: </div>
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H+ + H2 O ® H3 O+ </div>
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Aun cuando los iones proceden de los átomos son, desde un punto de vista químico, muy diferentes de ellos. Así, la sustancia sodio metálico, compuesta por átomos de sodio Na, reacciona enérgicamente con el agua, mientras que el ion sodio Na+ no lo hace. Debido a las diferencias existentes en su configuración electrónica, átomos e iones suelen presentar diferencias notables en su capacidad para reaccionar químicamente con otras sustancias. </div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">23. Describe las características del enlace iónico. (N2)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Algunas características de este tipo de enlace son:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Ruptura de nucleo masivo.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Son sólidos de estructura <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cristalina</span></a> en el <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_c%C3%BAbico" title="Sistema cúbico"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistema cúbico</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Altos <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">puntos de fusión</span></a> (entre 300 <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">°C</span></a> o 1000 °C)<sup><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_i%C3%B3nico#cite_note-1"><span style="color: black; display: none; mso-hide: all; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">]</span></span></a></sup> y <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullici%C3%B3n" title="Ebullición"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ebullición</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Son enlaces resultantes de la interacción entre los metales de los grupos I y II y los no metales de los grupos VI y VII.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Son <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilidad" title="Solubilidad"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">solubles</span></a>, como en <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">agua</span></a> y otras disoluciones acuosas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Una vez fundidos o en <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluci%C3%B3n_acuosa" title="Solución acuosa"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">solución acuosa</span></a>, sí conducen la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricidad" title="Electricidad"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">electricidad</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">En <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_s%C3%B3lido" title="Estado sólido"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">estado sólido</span></a> no conducen la electricidad. Si utilizamos un bloque de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_(condimento)" title="Sal (condimento)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sal</span></a> como parte de un circuito en lugar del cable, el circuito no funcionará. Así tampoco funcionará una bombilla si utilizamos como parte de un <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito" title="Circuito"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">circuito</span></a> un cubo de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">agua</span></a>, pero si disolvemos sal en abundancia en dicho cubo, la bombilla del circuito se encenderá. Esto se debe a que los <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iones</span></a> disueltos de la sal son capaces de acudir al polo opuesto (a su signo) de la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Pila eléctrica"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pila</span></a> del circuito y por ello éste funciona.</span></li>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">24. Reconoce la existencia de fuerzas de atracción eléctrica entre cationes y aniones denominadas enlace iónico.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Enlace Metálico</span></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><br />Los enlaces o uniones del tipo metálico se hallan en los metales. En un cuerpo de metal como podría ser un simple trozo de hierro en un clavo, cada uno de los átomos que constituyen el metal (en este caso hierro) pierde fácilmente los electrones de la última capa de energía, se produce una deslocalización de electrones, quedando cada uno de los átomos con carga eléctrica positiva (cationes). Los electrones liberados de los cationes se encuentran libres y en movimiento (por ello los metales pueden conducir la corriente eléctrica), formando una nube de electrones que envuelven a cada uno de los cationes y los mantiene unidos por atracción electrostática, una carga negativa atraída a una carga positiva y viceversa. El enlace metálico forma una red tridimensional de cationes, redes cristalinas, no moléculas. Esta red compacta de cationes le otorga rigidez a los sólidos metálicos, excepto el mercurio, alta conductividad eléctrica, térmica y elevados puntos de fusión y ebullición.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Enlace Iónico</span></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><br />También como en el enlace metálico, forma redes cristalinas y no moléculas, se producen iones. Este tipo de enlaces se encuentra siempre entre elementos de naturaleza metálica (electropositivos) o cationes y elementos de naturaleza no metálica (electronegativos) o aniones. Los elementos electropositivos –metales- pierden fácilmente sus electrones porque poseen baja energía de ionización, tienen baja capacidad para retener los electrones de su último nivel de energía; en cambio, los aniones o elementos electronegativos –no metálicos- tienen gran afinidad por los electrones o alta energía de ionización y tienden a captarlos; la unión se produce por atracción de fuerzas electrostáticas entre el anión (electronegativo) y el catión (electropositivo). Ejemplos de enlaces iónicos son: el cloruro de sodio (NaCl), Óxido de calcio (CaO) y óxidos del resto de los metales.<br />En los enlaces iónicos ocurre una transferencia de electrones desde el elemento electropositivo o catión hacia el elemento electronegativo o anión.<br />Los compuestos iónicos forman sólidos a presión y temperatura ambiente; no conducen la corriente eléctrica pero cuando se encuentran en solución forman iones que si pueden conducir la corriente eléctrica. Los iones son elementos químicos que poseen un tipo de carga eléctrica, positiva (catión) o negativa (anión).<br />Forman las uniones más fuertes y son solubles en agua.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Enlace Covalente</span></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><br />A diferencia de los casos anteriores, los enlaces covalentes si forman moléculas al no formar iones. Se produce entre elementos que poseen similar y elevada electronegatividad, esta última es la capacidad que tiene un elemento para captar electrones, como es el caso de los no metales. Como ninguno de ellos pierde electrones porque se trata de elementos electronegativos, necesitan captarlos para estabilizarse, entonces los comparten en pares. Este proceso donde los iones comparten electrones se llama Enlace o Unión Covalente.<br />Los compuestos constituidos por enlaces covalentes no conducen la corriente eléctrica porque no tienen electrones ni iones libres; debido a que sus enlaces son más débiles que los iónicos presentan bajo punto de fusión y ebullición, por ello generalmente se encuentran en estado líquido o gaseoso, como por ejemplo, el agua(H2O), dióxido de carbono (CO2).<br />En síntesis, los enlaces covalentes se producen cuando ambos elementos de elevada electronegatividad comparten pares de electrones, es decir, cuando se comparte un electrón de un elemento electronegativo con otro electrón de otro elemento electronegativo. </span><shape alt="Descripción: http://www.abciencia.com.ar/pics/uniones2.jpg" id="Imagen_x0020_3" o:allowoverlap="f" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 129pt; margin-left: 98.8pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: right; mso-position-vertical-relative: line; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 11.25pt; mso-wrap-distance-left: 11.25pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 11.25pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 11.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 150pt; z-index: 251659264;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="uniones2" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC06~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg"></imagedata><wrap anchory="line" type="square"></wrap></shape><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><br />También existe otro enlace covalente que se llama coordinado o dativo, se produce cuando uno de los dos elementos electronegativos comparte electrones y el otro elemento no comparte porque ya se encuentra estabilizado eléctricamente, ocurre como una especie de “préstamo” de electrones de un elemento al otro. Ejemplos: SO2 Dióxido de azufre y SO3 trióxido de azufre. Un átomo de azufre con un átomo de oxígeno se enlazará de manera covalente polar y ese mismo azufre con el otro (SO2) y otro átomo de oxígeno (SO3) se enlazará de manera coordinada o covalente dativo.<br />Entre los enlaces covalentes, NO en el caso de los enlaces coordinado o dativo, se reconocen dos tipos: el enlace covalente puro o también llamado no polar y el enlace covalente polar.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">El enlace covalente puro o no polar se encuentra en elementos que tienen la misma electronegatividad o los elementos son iguales, ejemplo cuando se unen dos átomos de oxígeno para formar la molécula de oxígeno (O2), lo mismo ocurre con el H2; N2; Cl2; Br2; I2</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">El enlace covalente polar se encuentra en elementos que tienen distinta electronegatividad, los elementos electronegativos son diferentes y producen un dipolo eléctrico, se forma una zona de polaridad negativa sobre el sector más electronegativo de la molécula y una zona de polaridad positiva sobre el sector menos electronegativo de la molécula. Ejemplo cuando se unen un átomo de Cloro con uno de Hidrógeno para formar una molécula de Cloruro de Hidrógeno (HCl); otro ejemplo es el agua H2O.</span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 170%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">25. Explica, empleando modelos tridimensionales, por qué las sales son solubles y conductoras de la electricidad cuando están algunas sales son solubles en agua, en disolución acuosa conducen la corriente eléctrica y son descompuestas por medio de la electrólisis, orientar las respuestas hacia el tipo de partículas que las constituyen (iones). (A21)</span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin: auto auto auto 35.4pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 1132.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 1132.5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Los fertilizantes pueden clasificarse de distinta maneras, ya sea según su origen ( </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://www.enologia2006.uchile.cl/webcursos/cmd/12003/Loreto%20Correa/Construccion/materialesyherramienta/materiales/fertilizante/fertilizantes.html#inorganicos"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">inorgánicos</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> e </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://www.enologia2006.uchile.cl/webcursos/cmd/12003/Loreto%20Correa/Construccion/materialesyherramienta/materiales/fertilizante/fertilizantes.html#organicos"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">orgánicos</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ), </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://www.enologia2006.uchile.cl/webcursos/cmd/12003/Loreto%20Correa/Construccion/materialesyherramienta/materiales/fertilizante/fertilizantes.html#composicion"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">composición</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (puros y compuestos) o </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://www.enologia2006.uchile.cl/webcursos/cmd/12003/Loreto%20Correa/Construccion/materialesyherramienta/materiales/fertilizante/fertilizantes.html#caracteristicas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">característica</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (líquidos y sólidos) y usos a los que están destinados.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La adecuada elección dependerá de:<br />La fertilidad del suelo y su nivel de salinidad.<br />Cantidad de agua disponible.<br />-Condiciones climatológicas.<br />Tamaño de la especie vegetal.<br />Tipo de planta: examinar si es cultivada por sus hojas o sus flores; su época de floración (antes o después de las hojas); su estructura y resistencia (si son quebradizas o están expuestas a vientos fuertes); su edad.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Origen</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fertilizantes Inorgánicos</span></span></b><a href="" name="inorganicos"></a><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pueden ser de origen natural extraídos de la tierra, como el nitrato (de Chile) o bien sintéticos elaborados por el hombre.<br />Las plantas no distinguen entre procedencia natural o sintética, y ambos se descomponen antes de ser absorbidos.<br />Generalmente los de este tipo son de acción rápida y estimulan el crecimiento y vigor de las plantas cuando se aplican sobre la superficie.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En el mercado se pueden encontrar una serie de marcas que distribuyen distintos tipos de fertilizantes con un nombre comercial. Lo importante al momento de elegir, es fijarse en el contenido de nutrientes que aporta cada fertilizante,expresado en porcentaje. Así por ejemplo un fertilizante cuya composición es 8-16-16, significa que aporta un 8% de N, 13% de P (P2O5) Y 16% de K (K2O).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Macronutrientes Primarios</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nitrógenados:</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 476px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fertilizante</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%N</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%P</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%K</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%Otro</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Urea</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">45</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salitre Sódico</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">16</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.02 B</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salitre Potásico 14%)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">15</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">14</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.02 B</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salitre Potásico (8%)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">15</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.02 B</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fosfatados:</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 476px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fertilizante</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%N</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%P</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%K</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%Otro</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fosfato de amonio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">18</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">46</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 34.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 34.5pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Superfosfato triple</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 34.5pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 34.5pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">47</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 34.5pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 34.5pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">20 Ca-1 S</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Potásicos:</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 476px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fertilizante</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%N</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%P</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%K</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%Otro</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salitre Potásico 14%)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">15</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">14</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.02 B</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salitre Potásico (8%)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">15</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.02 B</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfato de Potasio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">50</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">17 S</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfato de Potasio y Magnesio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">22-32</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10-18 MgO- 18-22 s</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nitrato de Potasio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">13</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">44</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 70.5pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cloruro de Potasio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.25pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 68.25pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">60</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 159.75pt;" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">45 Cl</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Macronutrientes Secundarios (Ca, Mg, S)</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 476px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elemento</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Descripción</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Calcio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Se utilizan algunas enmiendas calcáreas como carbonato de Calcio o Cal apagada (CaOH2)</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Magnesio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfato de Mg que aporta 16% MgO y 13% S</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Azufre</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 254.25pt;" width="339"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yeso: 18% S y 32% CaO</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Azufre: 100% S</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Micronutrientes</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 478px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compuesto</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elemento</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #009966; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">% Elemento</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bórax</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Boro</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 18.75pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">11</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Acido Bórico</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Boro</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">17</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Boronatrocalcita</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Boro</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 20.25pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfato de Zinc</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 20.25pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Zinc</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 20.25pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">22-27</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oxido de Zinc</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Zinc</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">75</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfato de Manganeso</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Manganeso</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">25</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfato Ferroso</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fierro</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">20</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfato de Cobre</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cobre</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #aeae86; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">25</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Molibdato de Sodio</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Molibdeno</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #cacaae; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 177pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">39</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-top: middle; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 120px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><object classid="CLSID:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11CF-96B8-444553540000" data="C:\DOCUME~1\PC06~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_ocxstg001.mso" height="30" id="DefaultOcxName1" width="60"></OBJECT></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 43.5pt;" width="58"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fertilizantes Orgánicos</span></span></b><a href="" name="organicos"></a><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pueden ser de origen animal (guano) o vegetal (compost, abonos verdes). La mayoría son de acción lenta, pues proporcionan nitrógeno orgánico que debe ser transformado en inorgánico por las bacterias del suelo antes de ser absorbido por las raíces. Como estos organismos no actúan en suelos fríos, ácidos o empapados, su efectividad y rapidez de acción dependerá del terreno.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Con estos fertilizantes no es tan fácil que se quemen las hojas como con los inorgánicos y efectúan un suministro continuo de alimento a las plantas por mucho tiempo, pero resultan más caros.</span></span></div>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-top: middle; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 120px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><object classid="CLSID:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11CF-96B8-444553540000" data="C:\DOCUME~1\PC06~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_ocxstg002.mso" height="30" id="DefaultOcxName2" width="60"></OBJECT></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 43.5pt;" width="58"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Composición</span></span></b><a href="" name="composicion"></a><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Simples o compuestos</span></span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;">· Los fertilizantes simples están formados por un solo ingrediente activo. Generalmente contiene un solo alimento vegetal básico o pequeñas cantidades de otros (como la harina de huesos).<br />· Los fertilizantes compuestos están formados por mezclas de ingredientes activos, y generalmente contienen los 3 nutrientes vegetales principales. Muchos de ellos contienen al mismo tiempo fuentes de sustancias nutritivas de acción rápida y lenta, lo que les permite mantener su acción nutritiva por más tiempo. </span></span></div>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-top: middle; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 120px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><object classid="CLSID:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11CF-96B8-444553540000" data="C:\DOCUME~1\PC06~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_ocxstg003.mso" height="30" id="DefaultOcxName3" width="60"></OBJECT></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 43.5pt;" width="58"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Características</span></span></b><a href="" name="caracteristicas"></a><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sólidos o líquidos</span></span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;">· Existe una amplia gama de abonos sólidos: en polvo, granulados, en gel, en pastillas y en bastones. <br />· Los polvos actúan más rápidamente que los granulados, pero son más incómodos de usar. Ambos se esparcen sobre el suelo con la mano o con equipo atomizador de abono.<br />· Los bastones son unas especies de "clavos" de fertilizante concentrado, que deben introducirse en el suelo.<br />· Las pastillas son fertilizantes completos, nutritivamente balanceados. Hay de dos tipos: para plantas de flor y de hoja.<br />· Los fertilizantes líquidos se aplican directamente sobre las plantas o disueltos en agua, con regadera o dosificador de manguera. Actualmente son muy utilizados los polvos solubles. <br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Abonos foliares</b><br />· Se pueden conseguir solos o mezclados con pesticidas (productos multiuso).<br />· Al pulverizarse sobre las hojas, sus nutrientes penetran en pocas horas en la circulación de la savia, incluso si la planta se encuentra en suelos pobres.<br />· Mejores resultados se obtienen usándolos al atardecer y sobre plantas con bastantes hojas. No los use si existe riesgo de lluvias.<br />· Son muy útiles, especialmente para aplicar sobre rosas y plantas enfermas.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balanceo de ecuaciones químicas</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Una reacción química es la manifestación de un cambio en la materia y la isla de un fenómeno químico. A su expresión gráfica se le da el nombre de ecuación química, en la cual, se expresan en la primera parte los reactivos y en la segunda los productos de la reacción.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A + B C + D</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reactivos Productos</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para equilibrar o balancear ecuaciones químicas, existen diversos métodos. En todos el objetivo que se persigue es que la ecuación química cumpla con la ley de la conservación de la materia.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balanceo de ecuaciones por el método de Tanteo</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El método de tanteo consiste en observar que cada miembro de la ecuación se tengan los átomos en la misma cantidad, recordando que en</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H2SO4 hay 2 Hidrogenos 1 Azufre y 4 Oxigenos</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5H2SO4 hay 10 Hidrógenos 5 azufres y 20 Oxígenos</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para equilibrar ecuaciones, solo se agregan coeficientes a las formulas que lo necesiten, pero no se cambian los subíndices.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ejemplo: Balancear la siguiente ecuación</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H2O + N2O5 NHO3</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aquí apreciamos que existen 2 Hidrógenos en el primer miembro (H2O). Para ello, con solo agregar un 2 al NHO3 queda balanceado el Hidrogeno.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H2O + N2O5 2 NHO3</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Para el Nitrógeno, también queda equilibrado, pues tenemos dos Nitrógenos en el primer miembro (N2O5) y dos Nitrógenos en el segundo miembro (2 NHO3)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Para el Oxigeno en el agua (H2O) y 5 Oxígenos en el anhídrido nítrico (N2O5) nos dan un total de seis Oxígenos. Igual que (2 NHO3)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Otros ejemplos</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">HCl + Zn ZnCl2 H2</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 H2</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">KClO3 KCl + O2</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2 KClO3 2KCl + 3O2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balanceo de ecuaciones por el método de Redox ( Oxidoreduccion )</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En una reacción si un elemento se oxida, también debe existir un elemento que se reduce. Recordar que una reacción de oxido reducción no es otra cosa que una perdida y ganancia de electrones, es decir, desprendimiento o absorción de energía (presencia de luz, calor, electricidad, etc.)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para balancear una reacción por este método , se deben considerar los siguiente pasos</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1)Determinar los números de oxidación de los diferentes compuestos que existen en la ecuación.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para determinar los números de oxidación de una sustancia, se tendrá en cuenta lo siguiente:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>En una formula siempre existen en la misma cantidad los números de oxidación positivos y negativos</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>El Hidrogeno casi siempre trabaja con +1, a ecepcion los hidruros de los hidruros donde trabaja con -1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>El Oxigeno casi siempre trabaja con -2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Todo elemento que se encuentre solo, no unido a otro, tiene numero de oxidación 0</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2) Una vez determinados los números de oxidación , se analiza elemento por elemento, comparando el primer miembro de la ecuación con el segundo, para ver que elemento químico cambia sus números de oxidación</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0 0 +3 -2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fe + O2 Fe2O3</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los elementos que cambian su numero de oxidación son el Fierro y el Oxigeno, ya que el Oxigeno pasa de 0 a -2 Y el Fierro de 0 a +3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3) se comparan los números de los elementos que variaron, en la escala de Oxido-reducción</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0 0 +3 -2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fe + O2 Fe2O3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El fierro oxida en 3 y el Oxigeno reduce en 2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4) Si el elemento que se oxida o se reduce tiene numero de oxidación 0 , se multiplican los números oxidados o reducidos por el subíndice del elemento que tenga numero de oxidación 0</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fierro se oxida en 3 x 1 = 3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oxigeno se reduce en 2 x 2 = 4</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5) Los números que resultaron se cruzan, es decir el numero del elemento que se oxido se pone al que se reduce y viceversa</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los números obtenidos finalmente se ponen como coeficientes en el miembro de la ecuación que tenga mas términos y de ahí se continua balanceando la ecuación por el método de tanteo</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Otros ejemplos</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">KClO3 KCl + O2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 0</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">KClO3 KCl + O2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cl reduce en 6 x 1 = 6</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O Oxida en 2 x 1 = 2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2KClO3 2KCl + 6O2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cu + HNO3 NO2 + H2O + Cu(NO3)2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0 +1 +5 -2 +4 -2 +2 -2 +2 +5 -2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cu + HNO3 NO2 + H2O + Cu(NO3)2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cu oxida en 2 x 1 = 2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">N reduce en 1 x 1 = 1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cu + HNO3 2NO2 + H2O + Cu(NO3)2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cu + 4HNO3 2NO2 + 2H2O + Cu(NO3)2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balanceo de ecuaciones por el método algebraico</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Este método esta basado en la aplicación del álgebra. Para balancear ecuaciones se deben considerar los siguientes puntos</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1) A cada formula de la ecuación se le asigna una literal y a la flecha de reacción el signo de igual. Ejemplo:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fe + O2 Fe2O3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A B C</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2) Para cada elemento químico de la ecuación, se plantea una ecuación algebraica</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para el Fierro A = 2C</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para el Oxigeno 2B = 3C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3) Este método permite asignarle un valor (el que uno desee) a la letra que aparece en la mayoría de las ecuaciones algebraicas, en este caso la C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Por lo tanto si C = 2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Si resolvemos la primera ecuación algebraica, tendremos:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2B = 3C</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2B = 3(2)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">B = 6/2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">B = 3</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los resultados obtenidos por este método algebraico son</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A = 4</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">B = 3</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">C = 2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Estos valores los escribimos como coeficientes en las formulas que les corresponden a cada literal de la ecuación química, quedando balanceada la ecuación</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Otros ejemplos</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">HCl + KmNO4 KCl + MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A B C D E F</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A = 2E</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cl) A = C + 2D + 2F</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B = C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mn) B = D</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O) 4B = E</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Si B = 2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4B = E</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4(2) = E </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">E = 8</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">B = C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">C = 2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">B = D</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">D = 2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A = 2E</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A = 2 (8)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A = 16</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A = C + 2D + 2F</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">16 = 2 + 2(2) + 2F</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">F = 10/2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">F = 5</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">16HCl + 2KmNO4 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><object classid="CLSID:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11CF-96B8-444553540000" data="C:\DOCUME~1\PC06~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_ocxstg004.mso" height="30" id="DefaultOcxName4" width="60"></OBJECT></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 43.5pt;" width="58"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></td></tr>
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<a href="" name="SECTION00013000000000000000"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nomenclatura (Sistema IUPAC)</span></span></b></a><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La <b>Nomenclatura IUPAC</b> es un sistema de </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_%28qu%C3%ADmica%29" title="Nomenclatura (química)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nomenclatura</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> de </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuesto_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Compuesto químico"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">compuestos químicos</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> y de descripción de la </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia" title="Ciencia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ciencia</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> y de la </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">química</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> en general.</span><br />
<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Está desarrollado y actualizado bajo el patrocinio de la </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Unión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><br />
<span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Las reglas para nombrar compuestos orgánicos e inorgánicos están contenidas en dos publicaciones, conocidas como el Libro Azul y el Libro Rojo, respectivamente. Una tercera publicación, conocida como el Libro Verde, describe las recomendaciones para el uso de símbolos para cantidades físicas (en asociación con la </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAP" title="IUPAP"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IUPAP</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">), mientras que el cuarto, el Libro Dorado, contiene las definiciones de un gran número de términos técnicos usados en química. Una compilación similar existe para la </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bioquímica</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (en asociación con el </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUBMB&action=edit&redlink=1" title="IUBMB (aún no redactado)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IUBMB</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">), el </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lisis_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Análisis químico"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">análisis químico</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> y la </span><span lang="ES-MX"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_macromolecular" title="Química macromolecular"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">química macromolecular</span></a></span><span lang="ES-MX" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Estos libros están complementados por unas cortas recomendaciones para circunstancias específicas las cuales son publicadas de vez en cuando en la <i>Revista de Química Pura y Aplicada</i>.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La función principal de la nomenclatura química es asegurar que la persona que oiga o lea un nombre químico no albergue ninguna duda sobre el compuesto químico en cuestión, es decir, cada nombre debería referirse a una sola sustancia. Se considera menos importante asegurar que cada sustancia tenga un solo nombre, aunque el número de nombres aceptables es limitado.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Es también preferible que un nombre traiga algo de información sobre la estructura o la química de un componente. Los números CAS forman un ejemplo extremo de nombre que no toman en cuenta estas recomendaciones: cada uno se refiere a un componente en particular pero no contiene información de la estructura.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Debido al gran número de compuestos, la química orgánica ha desarrollado su propio sistema de nomenclatura que relaciona las fórmulas de los compuestos y sus nombres. Aún así se sigue utilizando el sistema IUPAC. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los nombres de los compuestos deben ser sistemáticos, deben asignarse mediante un sistema de normas, de tal manera que a partir del nombre pueda deducirse su estructura, y a partir de la estructura poder dar el nombre. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Se utilizan prefijos para indicar el número de carbonos del compuesto. A continuación verá los principales: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="" name="_fig1_"></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prefijo</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Números de átomos de carbono</span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">met-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">et-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">prop-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">but-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pent-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">hex-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">hept-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">7</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">oct-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">non-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">9</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dec-</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; padding-bottom: 2.25pt; padding-left: 2.25pt; padding-right: 2.25pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CLASES DE SALES.</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hay dos clases de sales: sales holoideas (sales del tipo uro) que presentan su ion hologénico sin oxígeno; las oxisales (sales del tipo ito-ato) presentan un ion hologénico con oxígeno. Para la escritura de estos compuestos, se anota el ion metálico positivo, seguido del ion halogénico negativo y se igualan sus cargas eléctricas. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para la nomenclatura, primer se lee el ion halogénico con su nombre propio, y luego del metal de manera exactamente igual que en los óxidos metálicos. Ejemplos: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sistema Stock Nomenclatura clásica </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">NaCl cloruro de sodio cloruro de sodio </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">SnS2 sulfuro de estaño (II) sulfuro estánnico </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">FeSO4 sulfato de hierro (II) sulfato ferroso </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fe2(SO4)3 sulfato de hierro (III) sulfato férrico </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca3(PO4)2 fosfato de calcio fosfato de calcio. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OBTENCIÓN DE SALES</span></b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Las sales se obtienen principalmente por la reacción de: </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ácido + Metal --> SAL + H2 </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H2SO4 + Mg --> MgSO4 + H2 </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ácido + óxido --> SAL + H2O </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H2SO4 + MgO --> MgSO4 + H2O </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ácido + Hidróxido --> SAL + H2O </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 --> MgSO4 + H2O </span></span></div>
</div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-40827986331411132952012-02-08T15:56:00.000-08:002012-04-28T15:44:17.398-07:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Práctica de Laboratorio: Fase Inorganica del Suelo</span></b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Esta integrada por partículas diferentes, unas de la misma naturaleza
que se formó del material original o resultado de la desintegración física del
mismo; la formación de nuevos minerales, arena, cuarzo, limo y arcilla,
aluminio y oxigeno. Recibe el nombre ya que esa materia no es posible
desaparecer, no se descompone perdura mucho tiempo.Los compuestos inorgánicos
son aquellos que no se disuelven y se forman como efecto de la descomposición
de las rocas superficiales. El suelo posee partículas de distintos tamaños,
principalmente de piedra, arcilla y grava. Las pequeñas sirven como depósito de
nutrientes y también determinan en gran medida la capacidad del suelo para
almacenar agua, que es, como ya sabemos, elemento vital para la vida.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">La fase sólida, en su parte inorgánica, está formada por los productos
de desintegración de las rocas y por nuevos minerales originados por síntesis
de aquéllos. Son constituyentes de distintos tamaños y propiedades.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Según el tamaño de las
partículas de los componentes inorgánicos se distinguen tres fracciones: arena
(la fracción más gruesa con tamaño de partículas entre 2 y 0,05 mm.), limo
(fracción fina con tamaños entre 0,05 y 0,002 mm.) y arcilla (fracción muy fina
con tamaños menores a 0,002 mm.). Si las partículas son mayores a 2 mm. se
llama arena gruesa o grava.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span></div>
</span><br />
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<strong>OBJETIVOS:</strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
-señalar los cationes y aniones mas comunes
presentes en l aprte inorganica del suelo</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
-reconocer los compuestos organicos que se
clasifican en oxidos, hidroxidos, sales y acidos.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
-clasificar las sales en sulfatos, carbonatos,
fosfatos, nitratos y cloruros</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>HIPOTESIS:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
comprobar que en la parte inorganica del suelos
hay aniones y cationes.<br />
<br />
<strong><em>MATERIALES:</em></strong>-una malla de 2mm<br />
-3 tipos
diferentes de suelo<br />
-agua destilada<br />
-vasos de precipitado<br />
-tubos de
ensayo<br />
-un matraz<br />
-dos vidrio de reloj<br />
-alambre de
micormel<br />
-merchero</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. </span></span>Extracción acuosa de la muestra de suelo.</span></span></strong></span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>PROCEDIMIENTO:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
-pesar 10 g de suelo, tamizarlo a traves de una
malla de 2 mm</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
-introducir la muestra en un matraz, agregar 50
ml de agua destilada</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
-tapar el matraz y agitar de 3 a 5
minutos.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
-filtrar el extracto, si èste esta turbio,
filtrar las veces necesarias hasta que el extracto este transparente.</div>
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
Este sera el filtrado que se utilizara para
identificar los aniones <br />
<br />
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ANIONES</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Identificación de cloruros (Cl<sup>-1</sup>).</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>REACCION TESTIGO:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
en un tubo de ensayo colocar 2 ml de agua
destilada y agregar algunos cristales de algun cloruro.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
agitar hasta disolver y agregar unas gotas de
nitrato de plata.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
se formara un precipitado blanco, que se
enegrecera al pasar unos minutos; esta reacion es caracteristica de esta
reaccion</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tJ2c8Of11uY/T4DEDDL3YrI/AAAAAAAAAIE/Lk90expZD1k/s1600/07-04-12-14-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_3y8txi="6" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tJ2c8Of11uY/T4DEDDL3YrI/AAAAAAAAAIE/Lk90expZD1k/s1600/07-04-12-14-01.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>MUESTRA DE SUELO:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
se filtra suelo, se coloca en un tubo de ensayo
(2 ml del filtrado)</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
agregar unas gotas de acido nitrico diluido,
hasta eliminar la efervesencia y despues agregar unas gotas de nitrato de
plata.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
comparar con la muestra testigo.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>OBSERVACIONES:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
la muestra del suelo reacciono como la reaccion
testigo, se observo el precipitao blanco, el cual despues enegrecio.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><strong>3. Identificación de Sulfatos (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup>).</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em><strong>-SULFATOS:</strong></em></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>REACCION TESTIGO:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
colocar 2 ml de agua destilada en un tubo de ensayo, se agregan unos pocos de cristales de algun sulfato.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
agregar unas gotas de cloruro de bario 10 %</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
se observara que se enegrecera en unos minutos.</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>MUESTRA SUELO:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
agregar 2 ml del filtrado en un tubo de ensayo.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
agregar unas gotas de cloruro de bario al 10 %<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zvug0yeIVXk/T4DEsfBpRFI/AAAAAAAAAIU/kTz6QuqM93I/s1600/07-04-12-14-01(001).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_3y8txi="8" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zvug0yeIVXk/T4DEsfBpRFI/AAAAAAAAAIU/kTz6QuqM93I/s1600/07-04-12-14-01(001).jpg" style="cursor: move;" unselectable="on" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>OBSERVACIONES:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
al agregar las gotas del cloruro de observo una turbides, despues tomo un colo obscuro <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<br />
<br />
<br />
4. Identificación de Carbonatos (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup>).</div>
</div>
</div>
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<em><strong>CARBONATOS:</strong></em></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>REACCION TESTIGO:</strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Colocar un poco de carbonato de calio en un vidrio de reloj.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
adicionar unas gotas de acido clorhidrico diluido.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
se observara una efervesencia que siginifica la presencia de carbonatos.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Jlg5dwG0fp4/T4DE13ZaoKI/AAAAAAAAAIc/rjFoIVw_Q_U/s1600/07-04-12-14-02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_3y8txi="9" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Jlg5dwG0fp4/T4DE13ZaoKI/AAAAAAAAAIc/rjFoIVw_Q_U/s1600/07-04-12-14-02.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<strong><br /></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>MUESTRA DE SUELO:</strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
colocar un poco de muestra de suelo en un vidrio de reloj</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
agregar unas gotas de acido clorhidrico diluido</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6QwsFoY4UZc/T4DE_IxC1aI/AAAAAAAAAIk/yG1pcjdRT_8/s1600/07-04-12-14-04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><strong><img border="0" closure_uid_3y8txi="10" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6QwsFoY4UZc/T4DE_IxC1aI/AAAAAAAAAIk/yG1pcjdRT_8/s1600/07-04-12-14-04.jpg" /></strong></a></div>
<br />
<strong> </strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>OBSERVACIONES:</strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
en la muestra testigo si hubo presecia de carbonatos ya que al agregar las gotas del acido hubo eferevesencia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Identificación de sulfuros (S<sup>-2</sup>)</span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>REACCION TESTIGO:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
colocar 2 ml de agua destilada en un tubo de ensayo</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
agregar unos pocos de cristales de algun sulfato</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
adicionar unas gotas de cloruro de bario al 10 % y un exceso de acido clorhidrico</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
se observara una turbides que se enegrecera<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tUI583jWPUo/T4DFNu9juYI/AAAAAAAAAIs/hy2Zj79KCGg/s1600/07-04-12-14-00.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_3y8txi="11" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tUI583jWPUo/T4DFNu9juYI/AAAAAAAAAIs/hy2Zj79KCGg/s1600/07-04-12-14-00.jpg" /></a></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>MUESTRA SUELO:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
colocar 2 ml del filtrado en un tubo de ensayo</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
adicionar tres gotas de cloruro de bario al 10% y un exceso de acido clorhidrico.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em>OBSERVACIONES:</em></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
despues de agregar el acido clorhidrico se observo un turbidez que despues se enegrecio.</div>
<br />
<br />
<strong>ANALISIS:</strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; height: 87px; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 704px;"><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid none none solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px 1pt; height: 15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.05pt;" valign="top" width="155"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;"> MUESTRA DE SUELO</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; height: 15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;">CLORUROS</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; height: 15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.5pt;" valign="top" width="85"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;">SULFATOS</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; height: 15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.75pt;" valign="top" width="86"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;">SULFUROS</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 0px 0px; height: 15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.55pt;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: background1;">CARBONATOS</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span>
</>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">no</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span>
</>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1pt; height: 15pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 2</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span>
</>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 3</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">no</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: rgb(111, 168, 220); color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong><em>Observaciones:</em></strong></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Al llevar en práctica este procedimiento pudimos
observar que después de agregar en exceso de ácido clorhídrico sucedio algo
similar con la reacción de los sulfatos, observamos una turbidez que después de
unos minutos se ennegreció.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Análisis:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Muestra
de suelo:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cl<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(precipitado
blanco)</span></sup></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(turbidez
que con el paso de unos minutos se ennegrecerá)</span></sup></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(250, 191, 143); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">S<sup>-2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(250, 191, 143); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(turbidez
que con el paso de unos minutos se ennegrecerá)</span></sup></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(efervescencia)</span></sup></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">SI</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(120, 192, 212) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><br />
</span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">MUESTRA
1:</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent4" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(128, 100, 162); border-style: solid none none solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cationes</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Aniones</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cl<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">S<sup>-2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(128, 100, 162); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na<sup>+1</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">NaCl</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na<sub>2</sub>S</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na(NO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(128, 100, 162); border-style: none none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ca<sup>+2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CaCl<sub>2</sub></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CaS</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ca(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ca (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(128, 100, 162); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K<sup>+1</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">KCl</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K<sub>2</sub>S</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K(NO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(128, 100, 162) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cloruros (Cl<sup>-1 </sup>):<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + Cl<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> NaCl Cloruro de
Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2 </sup>+ 2Cl<sup>-1</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> CaCl<sub>2 </sub>Cloruro
de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K<sup>+1 </sup>+ Cl<sup>-1</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> KCl Cloruro de
Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfuros (S<sup>-2</sup>):<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2Na<sup>+1</sup> + S<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na<sub>2</sub>S
Sulfuro de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2 </sup>+ S<sup>-2</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> CaS Sulfuro de
Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2K<sup>+1</sup> + S<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K<sub>2</sub>S
Sulfuro de Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfatos (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2Na<sup>+1</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)
Sulfato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(SO<sub>4</sub>)
Sulfato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2K<sup>+1</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>) Sulfato de
Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nitratos (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1</sup>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na(NO<sub>3</sub>)
Nitrato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + 2(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2
</sub>Nitrato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K<sup>+1</sup> + (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K (NO<sub>3</sub>)
Nitrato de Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">MUESTRA 2:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent3" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: rgb(155, 187, 89); border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(155, 187, 89); border-style: solid none none solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cationes</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Aniones</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(155, 187, 89); border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cl<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(155, 187, 89); border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">S<sup>-2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(155, 187, 89); border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(155, 187, 89); border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(155, 187, 89); border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 0px 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(155, 187, 89); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na<sup>+1</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">NaCl</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na<sub>2</sub>S</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na(NO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Na<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(155, 187, 89); border-style: none none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ca<sup>+2</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CaCl<sub>2</sub></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">CaS</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ca(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ca (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Ca(CO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(155, 187, 89); border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K<sup>+1</sup></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">KCl</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K<sub>2</sub>S</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K(NO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(155, 187, 89) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">K<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cloruros (Cl<sup>-1</sup>):</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + Cl<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> NaCl Cloruro de
Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2 </sup>+ 2Cl<sup>-1</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> CaCl<sub>2 </sub>Cloruro
de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K<sup>+1 </sup>+ Cl<sup>-1</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> KCl Cloruro de
Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfuros (S<sup>-2 </sup>):<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2Na<sup>+1</sup> + S<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na<sub>2</sub>S
Sulfuro de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2 </sup>+ S<sup>-2</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> CaS Sulfuro de
Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2K<sup>+1</sup> + S<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K<sub>2</sub>S Sulfuro
de Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfatos (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup>:<sup> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2Na<sup>+1</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)
Sulfato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(SO<sub>4</sub>)
Sulfato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2K<sup>+1</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>) Sulfato de
Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nitratos (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1</sup>:</span></i></b><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na(NO<sub>3</sub>)
Nitrato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + 2(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2
</sub>Nitrato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K<sup>+1</sup> + (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K (NO<sub>3</sub>)
Nitrato de Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Carbonatos (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2</sup> :<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>
</sup>Carbonato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>
</sup>Carbonato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2K<sup>+1</sup> + (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2
</sup>Carbonato de Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">MUESTRA 3: <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGridAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cationes</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aniones</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cl<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">S<sup>-2</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Na<sup>+1</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">NaCl</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"></td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Na<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Na(NO<sub>3</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Na<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ca<sup>+2</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">CaCl<sub>2</sub></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"></td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ca(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ca (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ca(CO<sub>3</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">K<sup>+1</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">KCl</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"></td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">K<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">K(NO<sub>3</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.85pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">K<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cloruros (Cl<sup>-1)</sup>: <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + Cl<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> NaCl Cloruro de
Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2 </sup>+ 2Cl<sup>-1</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> CaCl<sub>2 </sub>Cloruro
de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K<sup>+1 </sup>+ Cl<sup>-1</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> KCl Cloruro de
Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sulfatos (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2Na<sup>+1</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)
Sulfato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(SO<sub>4</sub>)
Sulfato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2K<sup>+1</sup> + (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>) Sulfato de
Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nitratos (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1</sup>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na(NO<sub>3</sub>)
Nitrato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + 2(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2
</sub>Nitrato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K<sup>+1</sup> + (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-1 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K (NO<sub>3</sub>)
Nitrato de Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Carbonatos (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2</sup>: <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+1</sup> + (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2</sup> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Na<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>
</sup>Carbonato de Sodio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ca<sup>+2</sup> + (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ca(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>
</sup>Carbonato de Calcio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2K<sup>+1</sup>
+ (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> K<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sup>-2 </sup>Carbonato
de Potasio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Identificación de nitratos (NO<sub>3</sub>-1).</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Reacción testigo: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">un tubo de ensayo coloca 2 mL de agua destilada y agrega unos pocos cristales de algún nitrato (de sodio por ejemplo), y agita para disolver. Añade gota a gota H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 3M, hasta acidificar (verificar acidez con papel tornasol)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Agrega 2 mL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de solución saturada de FeSO<sub>4</sub>. Inclina el tubo aproximadamente a 45º y añade despacio y resbalando por las paredes 1 mL de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentrado</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PRECAUCIÓN: ESTA REACCIÓN ES FUERTEMENTE</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EXOTÉRMICA.</b> Evita agitación innecesaria. Deja reposar unos minutos y observa la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">formación de un anillo café.</i></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Reacción muestra: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">coloca 2 mL de filtrado del suelo en un tubo de ensayo. Añade gota a gota H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 3M, hasta acidificar (verificar acidez con papel tornasol)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Agrega 2 mL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de solución saturada de FeSO<sub>4</sub>. Inclina el tubo aproximadamente a 45º y añade despacio y resbalando por las paredes 1 mL de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentrado. </b>Sigue las indicaciones de la muestra testigo y compárala.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">IDENTIFICACIÓN DE CATIONES</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Identificación de Calcio (Ca<sup>+2</sup>).</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Oq6Huu8iklU/Tzd3QhyRiTI/AAAAAAAAAFM/r8kFnQXobC8/s1600/422709_236161213136743_100002285972658_519371_1276013860_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_abyiin="15" closure_uid_ekdc2d="15" sda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Oq6Huu8iklU/Tzd3QhyRiTI/AAAAAAAAAFM/r8kFnQXobC8/s1600/422709_236161213136743_100002285972658_519371_1276013860_n.jpg" /></a></div>
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- introducir un alambre de nicromel en el extracto del suelo y acercarlo a la flama</div>
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- si hay una reaccion de flama de color naranja, indicara la rpesencia de cation.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Identificación de Sodio (Na<sup>+1</sup>).</span></b></div>
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- tamizar 1 g de suelo seco y ponerlo en un tubo de ensayo</div>
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- disolver la muestra con 5 ml de solucion de acido clorhidrico</div>
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- introducir el alambre de nicromel a la muestra, ponerla en la flama, si èsta es de color amarillo, indicara la presencia de iones de sodio</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Identificación de Potasio (K<sup>+1</sup>).</span></b></div>
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- tamizar 1g. de suelo seco y ponerlo en un tubo de ensayo</div>
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- agregar 20 ml de acetato de sodio y agitar 5 min</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
- filtrar, tomar un poco de la muestra con el lambre de nicromel, ponerlo en el fuego, si hay una flama de colo violeta indicara la presencia de iones de postasio.</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DZRMQ9_AMgU/Tzd4wRfethI/AAAAAAAAAFs/eJsoNQWKPcw/s1600/425812_236160809803450_100002285972658_519370_1031364840_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_abyiin="19" closure_uid_ekdc2d="19" sda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DZRMQ9_AMgU/Tzd4wRfethI/AAAAAAAAAFs/eJsoNQWKPcw/s1600/425812_236160809803450_100002285972658_519370_1031364840_n.jpg" /></a><br />
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<strong><em>CONCLUSIONES:</em></strong></div>
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la practica se llevo acabo exitosamente, se
comprobo la presencia de cationes y aniones en las muestras, los procedimientos
se llevaron acabo exitosamente al igual que las pruebas (reacciones
testigo)</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
se realizo un tabla en la que se muestra la
identifiacion de aniones y cationes en los tipos de suelos con lo que se
contaba, que se muestra arriba en la parte de analisis.</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Esta integrada por partículas diferentes, unas de la misma naturaleza que se formó del material original o resultado de la desintegración física del mismo; la formación de nuevos minerales, arena, cuarzo, limo y arcilla, aluminio y oxigeno. Recibe el nombre ya que esa materia no es posible desaparecer, no se descompone perdura mucho tiempo.Los compuestos inorgánicos son aquellos que no se disuelven y se forman como efecto de la descomposición de las rocas superficiales. El suelo posee partículas de distintos tamaños, principalmente de piedra, arcilla y grava. Las pequeñas sirven como depósito de nutrientes y también determinan en gran medida la capacidad del suelo para almacenar agua, que es, como ya sabemos, elemento vital para la vida.</span><br />
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<img height="72" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zvug0yeIVXk/T4DEsfBpRFI/AAAAAAAAAIU/kTz6QuqM93I/s1600/07-04-12-14-01(001).jpg" style="filter: alpha(opacity=30); left: 119px; opacity: 0.3; position: absolute; top: 6358px;" width="96" />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-25911608117586224232012-02-01T07:48:00.000-08:002012-02-01T07:50:59.429-08:00componentes fase inorganica del suelo II (Cuestionarios de investigacion)<br />
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Investiga a que se
le llama parte inorgánica del suelo<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Se le denomina <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parte
inorgánica</i> a una mezcla compleja de materiales inorgánicos (fracción
mineral, formada principalmente de arcillas, limo y arena), materia orgánica,
agua/aire y organismos vivos.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">- De acuerdo a la definición de mineral, explica
porque son considerados compuestos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los componentes minerales constituyen la mayor
parte de la estructura de un suelo Los minerales se dividen en primarios y
secundarios; los primarios se encuentran constituidos principalmente por O y Si
y forman silicatos de estructuras Si-O (grava y arena). <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los minerales secundarios, provenientes de procesos
de disolución y precipitación, son de suma importancia debido a su superficie
de reacción, y a que sirven como depósitos de agua, nutrientes y materia
orgánica, lo que le confiere la parte activa de un suelo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">-</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Consulta las
características de los compuestos químicos<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Un compuesto es una sustancia formada por la unión
de dos o más elementos de la tabla periódica. Una característica esencial es
que tiene una fórmula química.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">- Investiga que son las rocas y cuales se
encuentran en la superficie terrestre.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Las rocas son agregados de diversos minerales,
aunque, en ocasiones, pueden estar formadas por un único mineral. Las rocas se
pueden formar de muy diversas maneras y a distintas profundidades. Una vez
formadas, afloran. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Estas se encuentran por toda la superficie terrestre.
Las rocas volcánicas o extorsivas, se forman por el enfriamiento rápido y en
superficie, o cerca de ella, del magma. Se formaron al ascender magma fundido
desde las profundidades llenando grietas próximas a la superficie, o al emerger
magma a través de los volcanes. El enfriamiento y la solidificación posteriores
fueron muy rápidos, dando como resultado la formación de minerales con grano
fino o de rocas parecidas al vidrio. Ejemplos: basalto y rolita.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">-</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Indica la
clasificación de las rocas<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rocas ígneas<o:p></o:p></span></span></i><br />
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Familia granito-rolita<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Familia granodiorita- latita cuarcífera<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Familia sienita-traquita<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Familia monzonita-latita<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Familia sienita-fonolita feldespatóidicas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rocas Sedimentarias<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas ferruginosas y manganesíferas <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas de carbonato de hierro<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas de óxido de hierro<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas de sulfuro de hierro<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas con silicatos de hierro<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas manganesíferas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas salinas (evaporitas) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas con estroncio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rocas metamórficas<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Cataclasitas y rocas afines<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas pirometamórficas <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Pizarras mosqueadas y cornubianitas <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Mármoles y rocas afines<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Cuarcitas y rocas afines <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Argilitas, pizarras y filitas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Esquistos<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Gneis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Gneis con cuarzo y feldespato y rocas afines<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Granulitas, charnockitas y eclogitas piroxénicas y
rocas afines<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Esquistos y gneis anfibióticos y anfibolitas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas del grupo de la epidota <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas ferruginosas y manganesíferas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Rocas de silicatos de hierro hidratados<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Investiga
los minerales más comunes en la corteza terrestre</span></i></b><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Agata<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Almandino<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Amatista<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Antimonita<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Apatito<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Aragonito<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Azufre<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Azurita<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Barita<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Bauxita<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Berilo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Calcita<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Calcopirita<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Celestina<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Cinabrio<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Cobre<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Corindon<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Cristal de Roca<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Cuarzo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Diamante<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bibliografías:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">http://www.culturageneral.net/Ciencias/Quimica/Compuestos_Quimicos/<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">http://www.enlabuhardilla.com/LaTierra/LosMinerales/MineralesM%C3%A1sComunes.aspx<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #323232; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/459/cap1.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-87118942548532317032012-01-30T15:11:00.000-08:002012-04-28T16:33:15.969-07:00TIPOS DE SUELO EN EL D.F.<div class="post-body entry-content">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">TIPOS DE SUELO EN EL D.F.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">El suelo es un elemento filtrante, amortiguador y transformador, que regula los ciclos del agua y los biogeoquímicos. Tiene la propiedad de retener sustancias mecánicamente o fijarlas por adsorción, contribuyendo a la protección de aguas subterráneas y superficiales contra la penetración de agentes nocivos. El suelo, además, promueve fenómenos de evotranspiración o transpiración del aire a través de la superficie.</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tipos de Suelos<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /><span style="background: white;">SUELOS ARENOSOS<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background: white;">Están formados principalmente por arena. Son suelos que no retienen agua. Tienen muy poca materia orgánica y no son aptos para la agricultura.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background: white;">SUELOS ARCILLOSOS<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background: white;">Principalmente están formados por arcilla, de granos muy finos color amarillento, retienen el agua formando charcos. Si se mezclan con humus pueden ser buenos para cultivar.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background: white;">SUELOS CALIZOS<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background: white;">Tienen abundancia de sales calcáreas. Son de color blanco, son secos y áridos y no son buenos para la agricultura. </span><br /><span style="background: white;">SUELO PEDREGOSO<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background: white;">Formados por rocas de todos los tamaños. No retienen el agua y no son buenos para el cultivo. </span><br /><span style="background: white;">SUELOS HUMIFEROS<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background: white;">En su composición abunda la materia orgánica en descomposición o descompuesta (humus). Son de color oscuro, retienen bien el agua y son buenos para el cultivo.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">De lomerío (suelos en lugares altos como montañas o LOMAS)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /><span style="background: white;">De transición (superficies empinadas ubicadas entre la zona de lomerío y la lacustre)</span><br /><span style="background: white;">Lacustre (suelos en espacios bajos donde había grandes cantidades de agua: LAGOS)<span class="apple-converted-space"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">El Distrito Federal tiene pobres posibilidades de llevar a cabo actividades pecuarias, por lo extenso -y la dinámica de crecimiento- de los asentamientos humanos. Las unidades de terreno con mayor capacidad, por las posibilidades de llevar a cabo el laboreo del suelo con implementos mecanizados, para el<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Desarrollo de praderas cultivadas</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>se localizan en las delegaciones de Tláhuac, Xochimilco, Tlalpan y Milpa Alta; por otro lado, los de aptitud para el<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aprovechamiento de la vegetación de pastizal</span>, son mínimos y la mayoría se ubican en la región centro-este, particularmente en la delegación Tláhuac. Las tierras con potencialidad para el<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aprovechamiento de la vegetación diferente de pastizal</span>, por la extensión que presentan, ocupan el segundo lugar en importancia; es posible localizarlos en casi todas las delegaciones al sur del Distrito Federal. En el caso de la clase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aprovechamiento de la vegetación natural únicamente por el ganado caprino</span>, son escasas las áreas con potencial, y es posible localizarlas exclusivamente al noreste de la delegación Milpa Alta. Los terrenos considerados como<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No aptos</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>para uso pecuario, son extensas y se concentran en la región sur y centro-oeste, en parte de las delegaciones Tlalpan y Milpa Alta, en el primer caso, y Álvaro Obregón y La Magdalena Contreras</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
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<span style="background: white;">Para que un suelo posea verdadero valor agrícola, debe reunir tres condiciones fundamentales.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">1. - Contener suficientes partículas pequeñas (arcilla y limo) para que retengan la humedad alrededor de las raíces de las plantas.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">2. - Contener bastantes partículas mayores (grava y arena) para que sea poroso y así las raíces reciban suficiente aire para mantener viva la planta.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">3. - Poseer los elementos químicos necesarios para nutrir las plantas. Cuando el suelo no posee estos nutrientes, pueden agregarse fertilizantes o abonos.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Estas condiciones hacen de los suelos el mejor de los recursos naturales, pero es bueno también recordar que el suelo es un recurso natural que se agota como se agota el agua y debemos cuidarlo y protegerlo, no sólo para nosotros, sino para las generaciones futuras.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">¿Qué son los
minerales? </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un
mineral es una sustancia de origen natural con una composición química
característica. La mayoría de los metales se encuentran como compuestos inorgánicos
y formando la estructura del suelo o en ríos o lagos, donde sedimentan hacia
capas inferiores de la litosfera.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un
depósito mineral que goza con concentraciones adecuadas para su extracción es</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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mena, en el ámbito de la economía.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Minerales más comúnes<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los minerales que
constituyen la corteza terrestre se han formado a partir de los elementos químicos
que originaron el planeta, gracias a reacciones ocurridas en su interior. Por
este motivo, la cantidad de combinaciones es inmensa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para poner un poco
de orden, se clasifican los minerales atendiendo a la forma en que se originan,
a sus caracteríticas cristalográficas, a su composición química, ... Mención
aparte merecen los cristales y, entre ellos, los llamados "piedras
preciosas" que siempre han cautivado a la humanidad.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Clasificación química de los minerales:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">La clasificación química divide los minerales en
grupos según sus compuestos químicos. Cualquier mineral conocido puede ser
integrado dentro de estos grupos, pues la práctica totalidad de ellos incluyen
alguno de estos compuestos.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white;">1.- Elementos nativos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: son los que se encuentran en la naturaleza en estado
libre, puro o nativo, sin combinar o formar compuestos químicos. Ejemplos: oro,
plata, azufre, diamante.</span><br />
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<b><span style="background: white;">2.- Sulfuros</span></b><span style="background: white;">: compuestos de diversos minerales combinados con el
azufre. Ejemplos: pirita, galena, blenda, cinabrio.</span><br />
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<b><span style="background: white;">3.- Sulfosales</span></b><span style="background: white;">: minerales compuestos de plomo, plata y cobre
combinados con azufre y algún otro mineral como el arsénico, bismuto o
antimonio. Ejemplos: pirargirita, proustita.</span><br />
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<b><span style="background: white;">4.- Óxidos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: producto de la combinación del oxígeno con un elemento. Ejemplos:
oligisto, corindón, casiterita, bauxita.</span><br />
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<b><span style="background: white;">5.- Haluros</span></b><span style="background: white;">: compuestos de un halógeno con otro elemento, como el cloro, flúor,
yodo o bromo. Ejemplos: sal común, halita.</span><br />
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<b><span style="background: white;">6.- Carbonatos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: sales derivadas de la combinación del ácido
carbónico y un metal. Ejemplos: calcita, azurita, mármol, malaquita.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">7.- Nitratos</span></b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">: sales derivadas del ácido nítrico. Ejemplos: nitrato sódico (o de
Chile), salitre o nitrato potásico.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<br />
<b><span style="background: white;">8.- Boratos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: constituidos por sales minerales o esteres del ácido bórico. Ejemplos:
bórax, rasorita.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white;">9.- Fosfatos, arseniatos y vanadatos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: sales o esteres del ácido fosfórico, arsénico y
vanadio. Ejemplos: apatita, turquesa, piromorfita.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white;">10.- Sulfatos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: sales o esteres del ácido sulfúrico. Ejemplos: yeso,
anhidrita, barita.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white;">11.- Cromatos, volframatos y molibdatos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: compuestos de cromo, molibeno o wolframio. Ejemplos:
wolframita, crocoita.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white;">12.- Silicatos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: sales de ácido silícico, los compuestos
fundamentales de la litosfera, formando el 95% de la corteza terrestre.
Ejemplos: sílice, feldespato, mica, cuarzo, piroxeno, talco, arcilla.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white;">13.- Minerales radioactivos</span></b><span style="background: white;">: compuestos de elementos emisores de radiación.
Ejemplos: uraninita, torianita, torita.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rocas de la Corteza Terrestre<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"><v:shape alt="http://www.sc.ehu.es/towcogoj/Cast/Infor/Imgs/Dinos035.jpg" id="Imagen_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 279.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 383.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<v:imagedata o:title="Dinos035" src="file:///C:\Users\Usuario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg">
</v:imagedata></span></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas son agregados de
diversos minerales, aunque, en ocasiones, pueden estar formadas por un único
mineral. Las rocas se pueden formar de muy diversas maneras y a distintas
profundidades. Una vez formadas, afloran. Se les encuentra por toda la
superficie terrestre.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Para estudiarlas,
dividimos las rocas en tres grandes grupos, según como se han formado: ígneas,
formadas por la solidificación del magma; metamórficas, formadas por
transformación de otros tipos y sedimentarias, originadas a partir de los
materiales de la erosión acumulados en una zona concreta.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rocas ígneas<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.laicos.org/genesi14.jpg" id="Imagen_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 221.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 300pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<v:imagedata o:title="genesi14" src="file:///C:\Users\Usuario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg">
</v:imagedata></span></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas ígneas se forman por el
enfriamiento y la solidificación de materia rocosa fundida, el magma. Según las
condiciones bajo las que el magma se enfríe, las rocas que resultan pueden
tener granulado grueso o fino.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas ígneas se subdividen en
dos grandes grupos:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas <b>plutónicas</b> o
intrusivas fueron formadas a partir de un enfriamiento lento y en profundidad
del magma. Las rocas se enfriaron muy despacio, permitiendo así el crecimiento
de grandes cristales de minerales puros. Ejemplos: granito y sienita.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas <b>volcánicas</b> o
extrusivas, se forman por el enfriamiento rápido y en superficie, o cerca de
ella, del magma. se formaron al ascender magma fundido desde las profundidades
llenando grietas próximas a la superficie, o al emerger magma a través de los
volcanes. El enfriamiento y la solidificación posteriores fueron muy rápidas,
dando como resultado la formación de minerales con grano fino o de rocas
parecidas al vidrio. Ejemplos: basalto y riolita.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Existe una correspondencia
mineralógica entre las rocas plutónicas y volcánicas, de forma que la riolita y
el granito tienen la misma composición, así como el gabro y el basalto. Sin embargo,
la textura y el aspecto de las rocas plutónicas y volcánicas son diferentes.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas ígneas, compuestas casi
en su totalidad por silicatos, pueden clasificarse según su contenido de
sílice. Las principales categorías son ácidas o básicas. En el extremo de las
rocas ácidas o silíceas están el granito y la riolita, mientras que entre las
básicas se encuentran el gabro y el basalto. Son de tipo intermedio las
dioritas y andesitas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Una vez que las rocas se han
formado a partir del magma que asciende y sale a la superficie, pueden sufrir
diversos procesos que las transforman. Por una parte, pueden ser pulverizadas
por la erosión y, sus fragmentos, dar origen a rocas sedimentarias. Por otra,
pueden hundirse - o no haber llegado a la superficie - y ser transformada por
el calor y la presión, dando lugar a rocas metamórficas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rocas sedimentarias<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Las rocas sedimentarias están
compuestas por materiales transformados, formadas por la acumulación y
consolidación de materia mineral pulverizada, depositada por la erosión.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><span style="background: white;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"><v:shape alt="http://alerce.pntic.mec.es/~mnavar6/IMAGENES/PUDINGA.JPG" id="Imagen_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 298.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 450pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<v:imagedata o:title="PUDINGA" src="file:///C:\Users\Usuario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg">
</v:imagedata></span></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas sedimentarias se
clasifican según su origen:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas <b>detríticas</b>, o
fragmentarias, se componen de partículas minerales producidas por la
desintegración mecánica de otras rocas y transportadas, sin deterioro químico,
gracias al agua. Son acarreadas hasta masas mayores de agua, donde se depositan
en capas. Ejemplos: lutitas y arenisca.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas sedimentarias <b>químicas</b>
se forman por sedimentación química de materiales que han estado en disolución
durante su fase de transporte. En estos procesos de sedimentación también puede
influir la actividad de organismos vivos, en cuyo caso se puede hablar de
origen bioquímico u orgánico. Ejemplos: yeso, anhidrita y calizas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rocas metamórficas<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas metamórficas son
aquellas cuya composición y textura originales han sido alteradas por calor y
presión. A este proceso se le llama metamorfosis de la roca. Los ambientes con
calor y presión suficientes para causar metamorfismo se encuentran
frecuentemente donde las placas tectónicas de la Tierra se están uniendo. Allí,
las placas que chocan entre sí, trituran las rocas y son calentadas a grandes
profundidades por el magma.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Las rocas pueden ser alteradas en
pequeñas áreas de metamorfismo por contacto, o en grandes áreas por el
metamorfismo regional.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">El <b>metamorfismo de contacto</b>
se produce cuando un magma instruye una roca más fría. En la roca madre o de
caja (la mas fría) se forma una zona de alteración llamada aureola de contacto.
La aureola puede estar dividida en varias zonas metamórficas, ya que cerca del
intrusivo se formaran minerales de altas temperaturas como el granate mientras
que mas lejos se formaran minerales de bajo grado como la clorita.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">El <b>metamorfismo regional</b>
ocurre cuando grandes regiones de la corteza son comprimidos y se deforman.
Cuando los ríos acumulan sedimentos sobre las rocas en cuencas sedimentarias
por cientos de millones de años, la presión sobre esas rocas va aumentando y la
cuenca se hunde lentamente. Con el tiempo la temperatura y presión en las capas
inferiores mas antiguas aumentara hasta que comience el metamorfismo.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Otra forma de metamorfismo regional ocurre cuando las placas tectónicas
convergen. Una placa se sumerge bajo la otra hacia el manto. En estas zonas de
subducción se produce magma que asciende por la corteza, provocando metamorfismo
en grandes regiones de la corteza continental cercana a las zonas de
subducción.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-43536058726498391712012-01-30T14:57:00.000-08:002012-01-30T15:28:19.773-08:00la materia organica<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LA MATERIA ORGANICA</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La materia orgánica es esencial para la fertilidad y la buena producción agropecuaria. Los suelos sin materia orgánica son suelos pobres y de características físicas inadecuadas para el crecimiento de las plantas. es de aqui a lo que se debe su gran importancia</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cualquier residuo vegetal o animal es materia orgánica, y su descomposición lo transforma en materiales importantes en la composición del suelo y en la producción de plantas. La materia orgánica bruta es descompuesta por microorganismos y transformada en materia adecuada para el crecimiento de las plantas y que se conoce como <span class="normalbold">humus</span>. El humus es un estado de descomposición de la materia orgánica, o sea, es materia orgánica no totalmente descompuesta.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tiene esencialmente las siguientes características:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Es insoluble en agua y evita el lavado de los suelos y la pérdida de nutrientes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Tiene una alta capacidad de absorción y retención de agua. Absorbe varias veces su propio peso en agua y la retiene, evitando la desecación del suelo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Mejora las condiciones físicas, químicas y biológicas de los suelos. Los suaviza; permite una aereación adecuada; aumenta la porosidad y la infiltración de agua, entre otros. Es una fuente importante de nutrientes, a través de los procesos de descomposición con la participación de bacterias y hongos, especialmente. Absorbe nutrientes disponibles, los fija y los pone a disposición de las plantas. Fija especialmente nitrógeno (NO3 , NH4), fósforo (P04) calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), potasio (K), sodio (Na) y otros. Mantiene la vida de los organismos del suelo, esenciales para los procesos de renovación del recurso.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="normalbold">·</span> Aumenta la productividad de los cultivos en más del 100 % si a los suelos pobres se les aplica materia orgánica.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los <span class="normalbold">abonos verdes</span> son cultivos con el propósito de enterrarlos para proveer de materia orgánica. La gradual descomposición de la materia orgánica provee de nutrientes; mejora la textura del suelo; evita la pérdida por lavado, y retiene el agua. Hay especies especialmente recomendadas como la crotalaria, el kudzu, la alfalfa y algunas otras.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los <span class="normalbold">residuos de cosecha</span>s comprenden los rastrojos de los cultivos. En el Perú existe la pésima costumbre de quemar los rastrojos y de esta manera se priva a los suelos de la materia orgánica necesaria.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El uso de <span class="normalbold">estiércol</span> o guano de animales es una práctica muy arraigada. Su aplicación muestra efectos positivos en los cultivos, especialmente los intensivos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En el país existen yacimientos de <span class="normalbold">turba</span>, especialmente en la Sierra, cuyo uso se está difundiendo para fines de jardinería y cultivos en invernaderos. Las turberas son acumulaciones de materia vegetal en zonas pantanosas y que pueden llegar a varios metros de profundidad.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En la actualidad se está difundiendo la producción del <span class="normalbold">humus de lombriz</span> a través de la lombricultura.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>FUNCIONES DE LA MATERIA ORGANICA</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Funciónes de la materia organica en el suelo:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-contribuye al crecimiento vegetal mediante sus efectos en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. Tiene:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-función nutricional la que sirve como fuente de N, P para el desarrollo vegetal.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-función biológica la que afecta profundamente las actividades de organismos de microflora y microfauna.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-función fisica y fisico-química la que promueve una buena estructura del suelo, por lo tanto mejorando la labranza, aereación y retención de humedad e incrementando la capacidad amortiguadora y de intercambio de los suelos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus también juega un rol en los suelos a través de sus efectos en la absorción de micronutrientes por las plantas y la performance de herbicidas y otros químicos de uso en agricultura. Debe enfatizarse que la importancia de cada factor dado variará de un suelo a otro y dependerá de condiciones ambientales tales como el clima y la historia agrícola. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-Disponibilidad de nutrientes para el desarrollo vegetal</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La materia organica tiene efectos tanto directos como indirectos en la disponibilidad de nutrientes para el crecimiento de las plantas. Además de servir como fuente de N, P, S a traves de la mineralización por medio de microorganismos del suelo, influye en la provisión de nutrientes desde otras fuentes (por ejemplo, la materia organica es requerida como fuente de energía para bacterias fijadoras de N).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Un factor que necesita ser tomado en consideración al evaluar a el humus como fuente de nutrientes es la historia agrícola. Cuando los suelos comienzan a ser cultivados, el contenido de humus generalmente declina durante un período de 10 a 30 años hasta que se alcanza un nuevo equilibrio. En equilibrio, cualquier nutriente liberado por actividad microbiana debe ser compensado por la incorporación de igual cantidad en el nuevo humus formado.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Efecto en la condición física del suelo, erosión del suelo, y capacidad de amortiguación e intercambio</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus tiene un profundo efecto en la estructura de muchos suelos. El deterioro de la estructura que acompaña la labranza intensiva es, usualmente, menos severa en suelos adecuadamente provistos de humus. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La adición frecuente de residuos orgánicos de facil descomposición lleva a la síntesis de compuestos orgánicos complejos que ligan particulas de suelo en unidades estructurales llamadas agregados. Estos agregados ayudan a mantener una condición suelta, abierta y granular. El agua puede penetrar y filtrar hacia abajo a través del suelo. Las raices de las plantas necesitan una provisión continua de O2 para poder respirar y crecer. Poros grandes permiten un mejor intercambio de gases entre el suelo y la atmosfera. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus usualmente incrementa la habilidad del suelo a resistir la erosión. Primero, permite al suelo retener mas agua, aún mas importante es el efecto de promover la granulación y por lo tanto mantener grandes poros a través de los cuales el agua penetra y filtra hacia abajo. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Entre 20 y 70% de la capacidad de intercambio en muchos suelos es causada por sustancias húmicas coloidales. Las acideces totales de las fracciones aisladas de humus están en el rango de 300 a 1400 meq/100g. En lo que a la acción amortiguadora se refiere, el humus exhibe capacidad amortiguadora en un amplio rango de pH.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">--Efecto en la condición biológica del suelo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La materia organica sirve como fuente de energía tanto para organismos de macro y microfauna.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Un número de bacterias, actinomycetes y hongos en el suelo están relacionados de manera general al contenido de humus. Lombrices y otros organismos de la fauna están fuertemente influenciados por la cantidad de residuos vegetales retornados al suelo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las sustancias organicas en el suelo pueden tener un efecto fisiológico directo en el crecimiento de las plantas. Algunos compuestos, tales como ciertos ácidos fenólicos, tienen propiedades fitotóxicas; otras, tales como las auxinas, mejoran el crecimiento de las plantas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Es ampliamente sabido que muchos factores que influencian la incidencia de organismos patógenos en el suelo están directa o indirectamente infuidos por la materia organica. Por ejemplo, una abundante provisión de materia organica puede favorecer el crecimiento de organismos saprofíticos similares a los parásitos y por lo tanto reducir la población de los últimos. Compuestos biológicamente activos en el suelo, tales como antibióticos y ciertos ácidos fenólicos, pueden mejorar la habilidad de ciertas plantas para resistir el ataque de patógenos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HUMUS</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cuando se dice "la materia orgánica de un suelo" nos estamos referiendo al humus que contiene. En un suelo hay más materia orgánica que no es humus: restos de hojas a medio descomponer, insectos, hongos y bacterias, el compost recientemente incorporado, etc. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">¿Qué es el humus? Para entenderlo, un ejemplo. Cuando cae una hoja al suelo esa hoja es inmediatamente atacada por hongos y bacterias e inician su descomposición. El resultado es:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• Un porcentaje de la hoja se convierte en nutrientes minerales (nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, etc.) que pueden ser tomados directamente por las raíces. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• Y otra parte de esa hoja se transforma en humus. Lo mismo ocurre con cualquier otra materia orgánica que adicionemos al suelo, por ejemplo, el estiércol, un compost, etc.. Son atacados por los microorganismos y hay producción de humus por un lado y producción de nutrientes minerales para las plantas por otro.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por dar un número y recalcar el tema anterior. Si esa hoja pesa 2 gramos, puede ser que se convierta en humus 0,1 gramos y el resto en minerales. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con los años, ese humus nuevo formado, también se transformará en minerales, pero mucho más lentamente. Terminará por desaparecer como humus, pero después de más de 3 años. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El humus es una sustancia muy especial y beneficiosa para el suelo y la planta. Tiene unas cualidades que aporta diversos beneficios: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Agrega las partículas y esponja el suelo, mejorando por tanto su estructura. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Retiene agua y minerales y así no se lavan y pierden en profundidad; igual que hace la arcilla.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Aporta nutrientes minerales lentamente para las plantas a medida que se descompone (nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, magnesio, etc.).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. El humus tiene otros beneficios menos estudiados pero muy interesantes. Produce activadores del crecimiento que las plantas pueden absorber y favorece la nutrición y resistencia: vitaminas, reguladores de crecimiento (auxinas, giberelinas, citoquinicas) y sustancias con propiedades de antibióticos. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las raíces, indudablemente, se encuentran mejor en un suelo rico en humus que en uno pobre en esta sustancia.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> La mayoría de los suelos cultivados tienen entre un 1 y un 3% de humus. La arena de la playa es muy pobre en humus, no llega al 1%. En el extremo opuesto, el suelo de un bosque, puede ser muy rico y superar el 5% de humus. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En agricultura se hacen análisis de tierras y uno de los datos que siempre se determina es el de la materia orgánica (humus). Si sale un valor muy bajo es más que recomendable hacer un plan de mejora para aumentarla, mediante, por ejemplo, fuertes estercoladuras durante varios años seguidos. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aumentar el nivel de materia orgánica de un suelo exige tiempo, se hace poco a poco. De la noche a la mañana no se puede pasar de un 1% de humus al 2%; esto se consigue a lo largo de una serie de años.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hay datos de cuánto humus se puede obtener de cada material. Hablando del estiércol, más o menos un 10% de lo que se echa se convierte en humus. Si echas 10 kilos, obtienes 1 kilo de humus.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cada especie vegetal tiene sus propias preferencias en cuanto a suelo con más o menos materia orgánica. Hay unas que gustan de un suelo rico, otras normal y otras que, incluso, prefieren un suelo pobre en humus (por ejemplo, la vegetación del desierto).</span><br />
<br />
<span class="mw-headline" id="Influencia_qu.C3.ADmica_del_humus"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Influencia química del humus</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Regula la </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nutrición</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> vegetal.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mejora el intercambio de </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">iones</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mejora la asimilación de abonos </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">minerales</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ayuda con el proceso del </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">potasio</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> y el </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">fósforo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en el suelo.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Produce </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">gas carbónico</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> que mejora la solubilidad de los </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">minerales</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aporta productos nitrogenados al suelo degradado.</span> </li>
</ul>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent1" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 591px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #4f81bd 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #4f81bd 1pt solid; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 355.25pt;" valign="top" width="474"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">CARACTERISTICAS PRINCIPALES</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">SUSTANCIAS ORGANICAS</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">SUSTANCIAS INORGANICAS</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 25.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 25.25pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Son todas aquellas relacionadas con la vida, y se componen de carbono, de oxígeno o hidrógeno.</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 25.25pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">son sustancias "muertas", donde escasean estos elementos propios de la vida como el carbono, el oxígeno y el hidrógeno, o si bien existen, no están todos</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 46.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 46.65pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">no solo agrupan a las cosas vivas, sino que la comida también es orgánica, dado que esta contiene elementos que conllevan vida, y de la misma manera los árboles y la vegetación.</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 46.65pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">se relacionan con la falta de vida, como por ejemplo los metales y plásticos, los que encuentras en los objetos "muertos" como en autos y las construcciones</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 56.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 56.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; tab-stops: 57.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">El humus también juega un rol en los suelos a través de sus efectos en la absorción de micronutrientes por las plantas y la performance de herbicidas y otros químicos de uso en agricultura.</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 56.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">La parte inorgánica, está formada por los productos de desintegración de las rocas y por nuevos minerales originados por síntesis de aquéllos</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 74pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 74pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">La materia orgánica tiene efectos tanto directos como indirectos en la disponibilidad de nutrientes para el crecimiento de las plantas</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 74pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">existe una mezcla de las fracciones indicadas y la cantidad relativa de cada una de ellas constituye la textura del suelo</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 41.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 41.75pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">La materia orgánica sirve como fuente de energía tanto para organismos de macro y microfauna.</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 41.75pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Dentro de la gama de los componentes inorgánicos del suelo mayoritariamente encontramos los óxidos y sobre todo los silicatos.</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 47.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 47.45pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Función nutricional la que sirve como fuente de N, P para el desarrollo vegetal.</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 47.45pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">El 50% del volumen del suelo corresponde a los poros, por los que circula el aire y la solución acuosa. De acuerdo a la porosidad la proporción de agua y aire puede variar.</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 41.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 41.75pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Función biológica la que afecta profundamente las actividades de organismos de microflora y microfauna.</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 41.75pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Los compuestos inorgánicos están formados mediante enlaces iónicos y covalentes</span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 54.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #4f81bd 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 54.55pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 170.15pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: ""sans-serif"", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">función física y físico-química la que promueve una buena estructura del suelo, por lo tanto mejorando la labranza, aeración y retención de humedad e incrementando la capacidad amortiguadora y de intercambio de los suelos.</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: #d3dfee; border-bottom: #4f81bd 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 54.55pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 185.1pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">no presentan isómeros. los compuestos inorgánicos con excepción de algunos silicatos no forman cadenas pero si uniones.</span></span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></div>
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<br />
referencias:<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Fundamentos de la quimica </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Frank Grecia </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Primera Edición </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Argentina, Buenos Aires</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Editorial Continental</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>325 páginas </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>p.p. 239 </em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Química General en Cuestiones </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>García Gómez L.</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Editorial Wesley Iberoamericana</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Estados Unidos de América</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>año:1991</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Segunda Edición</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> p.p. 165 293 páginas</em></span>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-73585674461476752252012-01-26T19:14:00.000-08:002012-04-28T16:18:51.335-07:00Práctica de Suelo<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<strong><em>Práctica de laboratorio con muestras de suelo</em></strong> </div>
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Antecedentes: Demostrar en unas muestras de suelo su densidad, su (%) de humedad, de aire y solubilidad </div>
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1. Densidad del suelo</div>
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Materiales: 3 muestras de suelo, balanza, 2 propetas</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s1600/Foto0058.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s320/Foto0058.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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1. Densidad del Suelo.</div>
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Objetivo: obtener la densidad de las 3 muetras de suelo.</div>
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Planteamiento:</div>
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1. en una balanza, pesar cada una de las 3 muestras de suelo; ésto será para sacar su masa. </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B1UgnHDHHmQ/TyIKhhba7tI/AAAAAAAAAF4/lTyvVgAmpD8/s1600/Foto0059.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B1UgnHDHHmQ/TyIKhhba7tI/AAAAAAAAAF4/lTyvVgAmpD8/s320/Foto0059.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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2. para sacar su volumen colocar las 3 muestras de suelo (separadas) en una propeta y medir la cantidad</div>
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que tiene cada una de las muetras (para esta práctica, en las 3 muestras se pesaron 5g.).</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-70S9maikoKk/TyIKjZ3IVKI/AAAAAAAAAGA/6Fd1gwrw7PY/s1600/Foto0060.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-70S9maikoKk/TyIKjZ3IVKI/AAAAAAAAAGA/6Fd1gwrw7PY/s320/Foto0060.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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3. una vez que ya se tiene tanto el volumen como la masa, se hace la siguiente operacion: </div>
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d=m/v Densidad= masa / volumen </div>
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2. (%) de Humedad </div>
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Materiales: 3 muestras de suelo, Horno, 3 catalizadores, balanza.</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s1600/Foto0058.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s320/Foto0058.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VDuEiL-lnuY/TyIKnaaIA2I/AAAAAAAAAGQ/1RN25axSJiE/s1600/Foto0062.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VDuEiL-lnuY/TyIKnaaIA2I/AAAAAAAAAGQ/1RN25axSJiE/s320/Foto0062.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Objetivo: obtener el (%) de humedad que hay en las muestras de suelo </div>
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Procedimiento: </div>
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1. en la balanza, pesar cada una de las mustras para obtener su masa </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B1UgnHDHHmQ/TyIKhhba7tI/AAAAAAAAAF4/lTyvVgAmpD8/s1600/Foto0059.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B1UgnHDHHmQ/TyIKhhba7tI/AAAAAAAAAF4/lTyvVgAmpD8/s320/Foto0059.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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2. posteriormente, colocar las muestras (por separado) en los catalizadores y dejarlos calentar en el horno. (asi se dejara que se evaporen las muestras de suelo.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N7N_EPp-5Gw/TyIK77K7YWI/AAAAAAAAAHo/Vvxt90Fc094/s1600/Foto0073.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N7N_EPp-5Gw/TyIK77K7YWI/AAAAAAAAAHo/Vvxt90Fc094/s320/Foto0073.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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3. ya que se evaporaron las 3 muestras de suelo, esperar a que se enfrie y posteriormente pesarlas cada una.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IeLlBdV1tMs/TyILC6u-Y_I/AAAAAAAAAIA/r1kBycsHi68/s1600/Foto0076.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IeLlBdV1tMs/TyILC6u-Y_I/AAAAAAAAAIA/r1kBycsHi68/s320/Foto0076.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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4. se notará que la cantidad de masa es menor, ya que tiende a bajar en cuanto a masa debido a que pierden humedad.</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-axGvGLWesX0/TyIK11fhheI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/3xcqQK9FQYw/s1600/Foto0070.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-axGvGLWesX0/TyIK11fhheI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/3xcqQK9FQYw/s320/Foto0070.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IeLlBdV1tMs/TyILC6u-Y_I/AAAAAAAAAIA/r1kBycsHi68/s1600/Foto0076.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
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3. (%) de aire </div>
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Materiales: 2 propetas, 3 muestras de suelo, balanza</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s1600/Foto0058.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s320/Foto0058.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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1. en la balanza, pesar cada una de las mustras para obtener su masa </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VDuEiL-lnuY/TyIKnaaIA2I/AAAAAAAAAGQ/1RN25axSJiE/s1600/Foto0062.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VDuEiL-lnuY/TyIKnaaIA2I/AAAAAAAAAGQ/1RN25axSJiE/s320/Foto0062.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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2. en una propeta, medir el volumen de tierra seca. En otra, agregar 20ml. de agua </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-S1zTOkF3hXo/TyIKpijShlI/AAAAAAAAAGY/3LatqNZnTL8/s1600/Foto0063.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-S1zTOkF3hXo/TyIKpijShlI/AAAAAAAAAGY/3LatqNZnTL8/s320/Foto0063.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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3. Posteriormente, medir el volumen de las mezclas. </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CnJH9x8ujyw/TyIKlXByPTI/AAAAAAAAAGI/ZQBibQ04gMo/s1600/Foto0061.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CnJH9x8ujyw/TyIKlXByPTI/AAAAAAAAAGI/ZQBibQ04gMo/s320/Foto0061.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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4. vertir la tierra en la propeta que contiene agua </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qHVU23SczBA/TyIKz0B5kPI/AAAAAAAAAHI/BCPY_CH1gQk/s1600/Foto0069.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qHVU23SczBA/TyIKz0B5kPI/AAAAAAAAAHI/BCPY_CH1gQk/s320/Foto0069.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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5. después de un tiempo se comenzaran a ver burbujas y el desplazamiento de estas mismas.</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zRcUQhYKLeU/TyIKrkN7BjI/AAAAAAAAAGg/11yscKL1Io0/s1600/Foto0064.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zRcUQhYKLeU/TyIKrkN7BjI/AAAAAAAAAGg/11yscKL1Io0/s320/Foto0064.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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6. el nivel del agua comenzara a subir, lo que indicara el volumen de la tierra.</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CnJH9x8ujyw/TyIKlXByPTI/AAAAAAAAAGI/ZQBibQ04gMo/s1600/Foto0061.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CnJH9x8ujyw/TyIKlXByPTI/AAAAAAAAAGI/ZQBibQ04gMo/s320/Foto0061.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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4. (%) de solubilidad </div>
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Materiales: 3 muestras de suelo, 2 propetas, balanza </div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s1600/Foto0058.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zXJWgn1okWM/TyIKfdvzGHI/AAAAAAAAAFw/RNhCCpj59gw/s320/Foto0058.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Objetivo: obtener el (%) de solubilidad de cada una de las muestras</div>
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Procedimiento: </div>
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1. en la balanza, pesar cada una de las mustras para obtener su masa </div>
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2. Colocar cada una de las muestras en una propeta y medirla</div>
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3. agregar un poco de agua (en este caso 21 ml) y agitar la mezcla</div>
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4. separar la mezcla con el papel filtro y con el embudo y el agua que se eta filtrando, se colocara en la otra propeta.</div>
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5. elcolor de la filtracion es transparente.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Análisis.</em></strong> </span>Durante la realización de esta práctica obtuvimos los siguientes datos de densidad, aire y humedad.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading1Accent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border: 1pt solid rgb(123, 160, 205); mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.9pt;" valign="top" width="599"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">DENSIDAD (%) VOLUMEN DE AIRE</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(123, 160, 205) rgb(123, 160, 205); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.9pt;" valign="top" width="599"></td><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(123, 160, 205) rgb(123, 160, 205); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.9pt;" valign="top" width="599"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Muestra de suelo 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Peso: 5 gramos 7 ml. de volumen </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">20 ml. de agua</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">7 ml --- 100% </span></i><b><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Volumen de aire: 6 ml.</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">6 ml –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x= 85.71% </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(123, 160, 205) rgb(123, 160, 205); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.9pt;" valign="top" width="599"></td><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(123, 160, 205) rgb(123, 160, 205); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.9pt;" valign="top" width="599"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Muestra de suelo 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Peso : 5 gramos 7 ml. de volumen<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">20 ml. de agua</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">7 ml --- 100% </span></i><b><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Volumen de aire: 5 ml.</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">5 ml – x= 71.42%</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(123, 160, 205) rgb(123, 160, 205); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.9pt;" valign="top" width="599"></td><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(123, 160, 205) rgb(123, 160, 205); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.9pt;" valign="top" width="599"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Muestra de suelo 3<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Peso: 5 gramos 7 ml. de volumen </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">20 ml. de agua</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">7 ml --- 100% </span></i><b><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-themecolor: text1;">Volumen de aire: 3 ml.</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">3 ml – x= 42.85%</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></td><><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tr>
<><><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></></tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading2Accent4" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 517; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Humedad<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Peso Inicial<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Peso final<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Muestra 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">5 gramos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.96 gramos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Muestra 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">5 gramos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.054 gramos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: rgb(128, 100, 162); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Muestra 3<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">5 gramos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 2.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 216; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.65pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.08 gramos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<strong><em>Observaciones.</em></strong> Mediante la realización de esta práctica hemos tenido la oportunidad de conocer algunas propiedades físicas del suelo como lo son densidad, volumen, humedad y solubilidad. Las cuales considero son muy importantes pues nos permiten tener un conocimiento más exacto acerca de cada una de ellas.<br />
En el procedimiento que más nos tardamos fue en el de humedad ya que tuvimos que esperar unos minutos para que las muestras de suelo se calentarán y así posteriormente poderlas pesar y conocer la humedad que cada sustancia contenia.<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<strong>Conclusión:</strong></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Una vez llevado a cabo el experimento pudimos reafirmar nuestros conocimientos acerca del suelo, pues notamos que en sus caracteristicas principales, el suelo tiene su densidad, (%) de humedad, (%) de solubilidad, así como (%) de aire y lo reafirmamos al concluir estas practicas experimentales.</div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-74234505351475567322012-01-23T18:06:00.001-08:002012-01-23T18:06:20.670-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Importancia del suelo</span></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Para empezar...¿qué <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>es el suelo? </span><span lang="ES-AR" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-themecolor: text1;">El Suelo es la capa más superficial de la corteza terrestre y sobre su superficie y en menor medida en su interior desarrololan su vida los organismos integrantes de las comunidades aeroterrestres.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Los suelos permiten que las formaciones vegetales naturales y los cultivos se fijen con sus raíces y así busquen los nutrientes y la humedad que requieren para vivir.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">El hombre obtiene del suelo no sólo la mayor parte de los <a href="http://www.rena.edu.ve/primeraetapa/Ciencias/indexAlim.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alimentos</span></a>, sino también fibras, maderas y otras materias primas.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">También los suelos son de importancia vital para los <a href="http://www.rena.edu.ve/primeraetapa/Ciencias/indexNR.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">animales</span></a>, muchos de éstos obtienen su alimento única y exclusivamente de los suelos.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Además; sirven, por la abundancia de vegetación, para suavizar el <a href="http://www.rena.edu.ve/SegundaEtapa/Geografia/clima.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">clima</span></a> y favorecer la existencia de corrientes de <a href="http://www.rena.edu.ve/primeraetapa/Geografia/agua.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">agua</span></a>.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">En el suelo podemos encontrar sustancias y organismos orgánicos e inorgánicos.“</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">El suelo es un recurso fundamental para nuestra supervivencia. Supone una fuente muy importante de alimento, por los cultivos que en el se desarrollan, pero también porque nuestra vida gira entorno a la disposición del territorio</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El suelo es la capa superior de la tierra, pero además tiene una inmensa importancia para los seres vivos de todo el planeta; ya que nos proporciona todos los alimentos necesarios para nosotros (como seres humano y tambien para la flora y fauna).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Además, interviene en el ciclo del agua y los ciclos de los elementos y en él tienen lugar gran parte de las transformaciones de la energía y de la materia de los ecosistemas. Cabe señalar que sin el suelo, la superficie, todos estariamos muertos. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mediante el suelo tambien se hacen posibles los recursos naturales y los ciclos de la vida. El suelo es fuente de las materias prims de forma natural, tales como la produccion de plantas y sus frutos que producen.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Referencias:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/educacion/importancia-del-suelo-para-vida_448780.html"><span style="color: purple; font-family: Calibri;">http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/educacion/importancia-del-suelo-para-vida_448780.html</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.rena.edu.ve/SegundaEtapa/ciencias/importancia.html"><span style="color: purple; font-family: Calibri;">http://www.rena.edu.ve/SegundaEtapa/ciencias/importancia.html</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://medioambientales.com/la-importancia-de-los-suelos/"><span style="color: purple; font-family: Calibri;">http://medioambientales.com/la-importancia-de-los-suelos/</span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-58694333335107653882012-01-23T17:14:00.000-08:002012-01-23T17:43:00.215-08:00Ejemplos de Sustancias puras: elementos y compuestos mezclas: homogeneas y heterogeneas<strong><em><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sustancias Puras</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>a) Elementos</em></span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hidrógeno (H)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sodio (Na)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fósforo (P)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Telurio (Te)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Azúfre (S)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Compuestos</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Calibri;">a) Óxidos metálicos </span></em></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Óxido de sodio (Na2O)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Óxido de magnesio (MgO)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Óxido de calcio (CaO)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Óxido de litio (Li2O)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Óxido de plata (Ag2O)</span><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Calibri;">b) Óxidos no metalicos </span></em></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Óxido de nitrogeno (N2O)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Monóxido de nitrogeno (NO)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dióxido de carbono (CO2)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Monóxido de carbono (CO)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Trióxido de dinitrogeno (N2O3)</span><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mezclas</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Calibri;">a) Homogéneas</span></em></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Agua + Sal</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pata de dientes </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tinta de pluma </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Gasolina </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vino </span><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Calibri;">b) heterogéneas </span></em></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">pizza </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">salsa</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">refresco</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Agua + aceite </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ensalada de verduras</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em><strong>Referencias</strong></em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Fundamentos de la quimica </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Frank Grecia </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Primera Edición </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Argentina, Buenos Aires</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Editorial Continental</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>325 páginas </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>p.p. 239 </em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Química General en Cuestiones </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>García Gómez L.</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Editorial Wesley Iberoamericana</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Estados Unidos de América</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>año:1991</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Segunda Edición</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> p.p. 165 293 páginas</em></span><br />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-64388806269573702072012-01-19T16:21:00.000-08:002012-01-20T07:26:55.110-08:00Práctica de laboratorio: combustión<em> Práctica de laboratorio: combustión</em><br />
<em>combustion:</em> <br />
La <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">combustión</span> es una reacción <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">química</span></a> en la cual generalmente se desprende una gran cantidad de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">calor</span></a> y <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">luz</span></a>.<br />
En toda combustión existe un elemento que arde (<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">combustible</span></a>) y otro que produce la combustión (<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comburente" title="Comburente"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">comburente</span></a>), generalmente <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADgeno" title="Oxígeno"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oxígeno</span></a> en forma de O<sub>2</sub> gaseoso. Los <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivo" title="Explosivo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">explosivos</span></a> tienen oxígeno ligado químicamente por lo que no necesitan el oxígeno del aire para realizar la combustión.<br />
Los tipos más frecuentes de combustible son los materiales orgánicos que contienen <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">carbono</span></a> e <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrógeno</span></a>. En una reacción completa todos los elementos tienen el mayor estado de oxidación. Los productos que se forman son el <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dióxido de carbono</span></a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) y el <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">agua</span></a>, el <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_azufre" title="Dióxido de azufre"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dióxido de azufre</span></a> (SO<sub>2</sub>) (si el combustible contiene azufre) y pueden aparecer <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93xidos_de_nitr%C3%B3geno" title="Óxidos de nitrógeno"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">óxidos de nitrógeno</span></a> (NO<sub>x</sub>), dependiendo de la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">temperatura</span></a> y la cantidad de oxígeno en la reacción.<br />
En la combustión incompleta los productos que se queman pueden no reaccionar con el mayor estado de oxidación, debido a que el comburente y el combustible no están en la proporción adecuada, dando como resultado compuestos como el <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Monóxido de carbono"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monóxido de carbono</span></a> (CO). Además, pueden generarse <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenizas" title="Cenizas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cenizas</span></a>.<br />
El proceso de destruir materiales por combustión se conoce como <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineraci%C3%B3n" title="Incineración"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">incineración</span></a>.<br />
Para iniciar la combustión de cualquier combustible, es necesario alcanzar una temperatura mínima, llamada <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_Ignici%C3%B3n" title="Punto de Ignición"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">temperatura de ignición</span></a>, que se define como, en °C y a 1 <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atm%C3%B3sfera_(unidad)" title="Atmósfera (unidad)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atm</span></a>, temperatura a la que los <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_(estado)" title="Vapor (estado)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vapores</span></a> de un combustible arden espontáneamente.<br />
La <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_de_inflamaci%C3%B3n" title="Temperatura de inflamación"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">temperatura de inflamación</span></a>, en °C y a 1 atm es aquella que, una vez encendidos los vapores del combustible, éstos continúan por si mismos el proceso de combustión.<br />
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<br />
<strong>Antecedentes:</strong> tras haber analizado el tema de la combustion, ahora se busca comprobar que en toda combustion se tiene que generar CO2 y H2O.<br />
<strong>Materiales:</strong><br />
- cerillos/encendedor <br />
- azúcar<br />
- pinzas <br />
-soporte universaltubos de ensaye <br />
-mechero de bunsen <br />
-indicador universal/ tira de indicador de pH<br />
- papel filtro<br />
-1 tubo de ensaye <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Objetivo:</strong>Comprobar que se formaCO2 y H2O<br />
Procedimiento: <br />
1. Colocar el soprte universal y sobre el, colocar el mechero. posteriormente agregar en al tubode ensaye un poco de azucar.<br />
2. Sujetar el tuvo de ensaye con las pinzas y mantenerlo fimemente.<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cKktvvdKJAQ/TxixGOaWIwI/AAAAAAAAAEI/aTEMnUsTl_Y/s1600/Foto0054.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cKktvvdKJAQ/TxixGOaWIwI/AAAAAAAAAEI/aTEMnUsTl_Y/s320/Foto0054.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
3. Colocar una tira de indicador de pH dentro del tubo de ensaye.<br />
5. tapar el tubo de ensaye conpapel filtro<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8XSpMHsxQY0/TxixCvWMCAI/AAAAAAAAAD4/wUhVIpT7iiE/s1600/Foto0052.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8XSpMHsxQY0/TxixCvWMCAI/AAAAAAAAAD4/wUhVIpT7iiE/s320/Foto0052.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
4. Prender el mechero con los cerillos y esperar a que se queme por completo el azucar (drante el proceso se notara que el azucar se hace caramelo)<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yNeSdHRjYIY/Txiw-GHXZ4I/AAAAAAAAADo/qZAtRc7yk34/s1600/Foto0050.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yNeSdHRjYIY/Txiw-GHXZ4I/AAAAAAAAADo/qZAtRc7yk34/s320/Foto0050.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
5. Al ver el proceso de como se vaquemando el azucar, se notaraqueel caramelo se va quemando y ademas de eso, se va despidiendo un gas dentro del tubode ensaye debidoala temperatura con la que se quemael azucar.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Sc8DWK6j4zg/Txiw8LcLXdI/AAAAAAAAADg/Kt2AZPBE_Jc/s1600/Foto0049.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Sc8DWK6j4zg/Txiw8LcLXdI/AAAAAAAAADg/Kt2AZPBE_Jc/s320/Foto0049.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0WADhAW6vbc/TxixAg67DSI/AAAAAAAAADw/TLF6NzvZG0g/s1600/Foto0051.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0WADhAW6vbc/TxixAg67DSI/AAAAAAAAADw/TLF6NzvZG0g/s320/Foto0051.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
6. Ya que el azucar esta cmpletamente quemada, sacar la tira de pH, la cual en nestrocaso fe de 6; y con este indicio pudimos comprobar que se formó CO2 ademas de un acido debil.<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-p7baf9SiG2g/TxixKw9yHGI/AAAAAAAAAEY/i83opcXFfgk/s1600/Foto0056.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-p7baf9SiG2g/TxixKw9yHGI/AAAAAAAAAEY/i83opcXFfgk/s320/Foto0056.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
7. dentro del tubo de ensaye, se notó que estaba empañado, lo cual era el H2O que se encontraba de forma gaseosa. <br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KX94nwF45K4/TxixEdPUWFI/AAAAAAAAAEA/5Qjt2F9JwaE/s1600/Foto0053.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KX94nwF45K4/TxixEdPUWFI/AAAAAAAAAEA/5Qjt2F9JwaE/s320/Foto0053.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
8. De eata manera se comprobo que enesta practica de combustion se genero CO2 y H2O.<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eU3nrzBG96o/TxixIXxFUFI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/DxcUtaZcqUg/s1600/Foto0055.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eU3nrzBG96o/TxixIXxFUFI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/DxcUtaZcqUg/s320/Foto0055.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Tras haber concluido esta practica, pudimos reafirmar como es que en la combustion se tiene que formar siempre CO2 y H2O. Ademas de que selograron reforzar nuestros conocimientos en base a la combustion.<br />
____________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Segunda Practica de Combustion <br />
<br />
Antecedentes: Tras haber realizado el primer experimento, haremos uno de una manera similar pero ahora con otro tipo de combustible.<br />
<br />
Materiales:<br />
- 1 vela/ papel (de hojas de papel; haran la misma funcion que la vela<br />
-cerillos <br />
- vaso deprecipitado de 5000 ml.<br />
-indicador universal/ tira de indicador de pH<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SS1mZLdm834/TxmGnQ4A3lI/AAAAAAAAAEo/o9pyL44Z0-k/s1600/Foto0004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SS1mZLdm834/TxmGnQ4A3lI/AAAAAAAAAEo/o9pyL44Z0-k/s320/Foto0004.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<strong>Objetivo:</strong>Comprobar que se formaCO2 y H2O<br />
<br />
Procedimiento:<br />
1.Prender la vela, esperar a que tome una determinada temeratura continua/ tambien se upede prender el papel.<br />
2. Colocar el papel filtro con un poco de indicador universal o en su defecto, poner la tira de pH<br />
3. Tapar la vela o el papel con el vaso deprecipitado, mas tarde se observara que la vela o el papel se apagará (debido a que dentro del vaso deprecipitado ya no hay oxigeno) y despedira un gas (que es el CO2.<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-keKXRYpUC0U/TxmGqvjI7VI/AAAAAAAAAEw/Jj7r89Duj3Y/s1600/Foto0044.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-keKXRYpUC0U/TxmGqvjI7VI/AAAAAAAAAEw/Jj7r89Duj3Y/s320/Foto0044.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
4. Esperar a que todo el gas que despidio el papel o la vela se propague dentro del vaso depresipitado.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-D5OuO3UKWZA/TxmGypOh_FI/AAAAAAAAAFI/O85O3Nlw1Fw/s1600/Foto0044.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-D5OuO3UKWZA/TxmGypOh_FI/AAAAAAAAAFI/O85O3Nlw1Fw/s320/Foto0044.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
5. Posteriormente se observará que el vaso queda empañado, este es el H2O<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JMrGPOCXYsA/TxmGtcQIRZI/AAAAAAAAAE4/KPKg7rk8VHo/s1600/Foto0045.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JMrGPOCXYsA/TxmGtcQIRZI/AAAAAAAAAE4/KPKg7rk8VHo/s320/Foto0045.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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6. Pero el gas que se despidio de la vela, es el CO2, y se pudo comprobar con la marca que se tuvo en la tira de indicador de pH.<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GAVJTJfvaeM/TxmG3fm1tgI/AAAAAAAAAFY/LAmlpy2ng1I/s1600/Foto0046.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GAVJTJfvaeM/TxmG3fm1tgI/AAAAAAAAAFY/LAmlpy2ng1I/s320/Foto0046.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Conclusión: con esta segunda practic a quedo aun mas claro que en la combustion se tiene que formar siempre CO2 y H2O. Ademas de que selograron reforzar nuestros conocimientos en base a la combustion.<br />
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<br />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-57823969992748570792012-01-18T18:47:00.000-08:002012-01-18T18:47:29.102-08:00Investigacion Documental<strong>- ¿Que es el suelo?</strong><br />
Es una mezcla de minerales, materia organica, agua y airte. Se forma por la accion de la temperatura, el agua, el viento, los animales y las plantas sobre las rocas. estos factores descomponen las rocas en particulas muy finas y forman el suelo.<br />
<br />
<strong>El suelo se compione en 3 capas:</strong><br />
<br />
- <em>Suelo o capa superior:</em> Es la mas importante para el hombre, (Contiene materia organica), pues contiene los alimentos que necesita.<br />
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<em>- Subsuelo:</em> Se encuentra debajo de la capa superior. contiene alimentos, pero en una forma en que las plantas no pueden usarlos facilmente.<br />
<br />
- <em>Roca madre:</em> Se ubica debajo del subsuelo y es la capa que da origen al suelo.<br />
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<em>Su textura:</em> se determina pòr el tamaño de las particulas que la forman. Existen 3 tipos de textura: arenosa, mimosa y arcillosa.<br />
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<em>Su estrucutura:</em> la conforman particulas de formas irregulares y dibuijan entyrte ellas pequeños espacios conocido como poros. Los poros contienen agua o aire. El suelo es permeable cuadno el agua se infiltra entre las particulas.<br />
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<strong>¿Por que es importante el suelo?</strong><br />
<br />
Porque es el medio de vida de todo ser vivo. Mediante el obtenemos las plantas, sus frutos, y de ellos nos alimentamos. Ademas, los animales tambien obtienen su alimento del suelo (principalmente los hervivoros), y de esta manera es indespensable, ya que de el se aprovecha tanto seres humanos, como seres vivos y permite la continuidad der las cadenas alimenticias.<br />
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<strong>Referencias:</strong><br />
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<strong><em>Quimica Basica</em></strong><br />
Brady James E.<br />
Segunda Edicion<br />
Mexico, Mexico.<br />
Editorial limusa Wiley<br />
1999 Pag. 994<br />
p.p. 296-298<br />
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<strong><em>Quimica General</em></strong><br />
Ralon H. Pretucci<br />
2da Edicion<br />
Estados Ubnidos de America<br />
Editorial: Fondo Interactivo<br />
Pag. 692<br />
p.p. 326-330<br />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-73523977778942308192012-01-12T18:24:00.000-08:002012-01-13T07:08:07.940-08:00Primera Actividad del 2do semestre¿Qué les sucede a las sustancias al quemarlas?<br />
Ø Diseño colectivo de una actividad experimental para establecer cómo afecta el calor a sustancias comunes orgánicas e inorgánicas (pan, azúcar, sal, polvos para hornear, etc.). <br />
<strong><u><em>Pan:</em></u></strong> al quemarse, éste se dora y se hace dorado. <br />
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<u><em><strong>Azúcar:</strong></em></u> al dejarse al fuego, se quema y se hace caramelo.<br />
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<strong><em><u>Sal:</u></em></strong> Ésta se quema y tiene un color entre café obscuro y negro.<br />
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<strong><em><u>Pan para hornear:</u></em></strong> al exponerse al fuego, éste se cristaliza después de quemarse.<br />
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Con base en las observaciones, clasificar las sustancias en orgánicas e inorgánicas. <br />
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<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableColorfulGridAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><td style="background: rgb(184, 204, 228); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sustancia Orgánicas </span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(184, 204, 228); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sustancias Inorgánicas </span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> azùcar</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(167, 191, 222); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pan </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border: rgb(236, 233, 216); mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Sal</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(219, 229, 241); border: rgb(236, 233, 216); mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pan para hornear</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<em>Además de estas sustancias, otros ejemplos son:</em><br />
<em><br />
</em><br />
<em><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableColorfulGridAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"><td style="background: rgb(184, 204, 228); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> gas natural</span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(184, 204, 228); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> dioxido de carbono </span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> alcohol etílico</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(167, 191, 222); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> agua </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ácido cítrico </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(219, 229, 241); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> cloruro de sodio </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> cafeína </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(167, 191, 222); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> clorato de potasio</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> nicotína </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(219, 229, 241); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> monoxido de nitrogeno </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> glucosa </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(167, 191, 222); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ozono </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ácidos grasos </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(219, 229, 241); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> acido clorhidrico</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> aminoacidos </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(167, 191, 222); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(236, 233, 216) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> hidroxido de sodio </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: rgb(54, 95, 145); border: rgb(236, 233, 216); mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> nucleotido </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(219, 229, 241); border: rgb(236, 233, 216); mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> nitrato de potasio </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<strong>Comentar la conveniencia de realizar clasificaciones para el estudio de la materia:</strong> es muy importante clasificar éstas sustancias, pues cada una de ellas tienen diferentes características y propiedades, si no se hciera esto, dificilmente se podrían llegar a estudiar estas sustancias.<br />
<br />
<strong>Elaborar un informe escrito que incluya las observaciones y conclusiones obtenidas: </strong>tras haber quemado cada una de las sustancias, me pude darcuenta de que es muy importante clasificar las sustancias, pues no con todas ocurren las mismas reacciones, por ejemplo; la azúcar se quema y posteriormente se hace caramelo,almo muy diferente que cn el pan, el cual a la hora de de "quemarlo", éste se dora, e incluso se hace tostado. En cnclusión, al ver el tipo de sustancias, al quemarlas y además el ver sus propiedades, se pudieron clasificar las sustancias en orgánis de las inorgánicas.<br />
<br />
<strong>Ø Investigación documental sobre qué es una reacción de oxidación:</strong> se le llama así a toda reacción química en la que hay una transferencia electrónica entre los reactivos, dando lugar a un cambio en los estados de oxidación de los mismos con respecto a los productos.<br />
<br />
<strong> la producción de energía por oxidación de combustibles provenientes del petróleo, reacciones químicas que se llevan a cabo y productos de la combustión. Impurezas de los combustibles y productos que se forman:</strong> del petróleo se producen combustibles como lo es el diesel, la gasolina, aceite, solventes entre otros; todos estos tipos de combustibles prácticamente son indispensables para la vida cotidiana de hoy en día a nivel mundial. Para procesar estos combustibles se llevan a cabo muchos procesos, ademas de reacciones químicas como la combustión, pero tras todos estos procesos, aun quedan varios combustibles que tienen algunas impurezas,ese es el caso de la gasolina, la cualcontiene plomo y restos de óxidos.<br />
<br />
Ø<strong> Realizar una actividad experimental para hacer énfasis en la reacción de combustión como fuente generadora de energía y contaminantes; por ejemplo, combustión de la vela:</strong> al hacer éste experimento, noté la reacción de combustión de la vela desde el momento en que se prende la vela, pues la cera de ésta misma, reacciona rápidamente con el oxígeno y de esta manera forma el CO2.<br />
<br />
identificación del dióxido de carbono con agua de cal: a la agua de cal tambien se le cooce como "cal viva" oagua de calcio, esta se obtiene de el agua marina, y cuando se expone con el oxígeno, produce el óxido de calcio (de esta manera se forma el CO2).<br />
<br />
<strong>Referencias/ Bibliografía:</strong><br />
Química General <br />
Jerome L. Rosemberg <br />
Septima edición<br />
Madrid, España<br />
Editorial Mc GRAW - HILL<br />
1988<br />
422 paginas p.p.121<br />
__________________________<br />
Química Basica<br />
Brady James E. <br />
Segunda edición <br />
México, México<br />
Editorial Limusa Wiley<br />
1999<br />
904 páginas p.p.256<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</em><br />ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1819471329073481309.post-3395922232465996842011-11-29T12:50:00.001-08:002011-11-29T12:50:24.399-08:00<style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background-color: yellow; color: black;">-
</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">El calentamiento de la tierra debido a la gran emisión de
CO<sub>2</sub> (efecto invernadero)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /><span style="background-color: yellow;"></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">La atmósfera de la Tierra está
compuesta de muchos gases. Los más abundantes son el nitrógeno y el oxígeno
(este último es el que necesitamos para respirar). El resto, menos de una
centésima parte, son gases llamados "de invernadero". No los podemos ver ni
oler, pero están allí. Algunos de ellos son el dióxido de carbono, el metano y
el dióxido de nitrógeno. <br />En pequeñas concentraciones, los gases de
invernadero son vitales para nuestra supervivencia. Cuando la luz solar llega a
la Tierra, un poco de esta energía se refleja en las nubes; el resto atraviesa
la atmósfera y llega al suelo. Gracias a esta energía, por ejemplo, las plantas
pueden crecer y desarrollarse. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/archivos_varios/efecto_invernadero.jpg" width="320" /></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="color: black;">Pero no toda la energía del Sol es aprovechada en la Tierra; una
parte es "devuelta" al espacio. Como la Tierra es mucho más fría que el Sol, no
</span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Aumento de la temperatura media del
planeta. </span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Aumento de sequías en unas zonas e
inundaciones en otras. </span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Mayor frecuencia de formación de
huracanes. </span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Progresivo deshielo de los casquetes
polares, con la consiguiente subida de los niveles de los océanos.
</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Incremento de las precipitaciones a
nivel planetario pero lloverá menos días y más torrencialmente.
</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">Aumento de la
cantidad de días calurosos</span>,<span style="color: black;">.</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">______________________________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">
</span><div align="justify">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<br />
<center></center>
</div>
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Las principales fuentes de emisión de
CO<sub>2</sub> y la contribución de los países industrializados a la emisión de
este compuesto.</span></span></span> </span></span>
</span><div align="center">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong>ANTECEDENTES</strong></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="color: black;">Con el inicio de la Revolución Industrial, la concentración de los
gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de la atmósfera mostró los siguientes
incrementos: bióxido de carbono (CO2), 31%; metano (CH4), 151%, y óxidos de
nitrógeno (N2O), 17%. Los científicos consideran que estas adiciones son
resultado de la quema de los combustibles fósiles y, en menor proporción, de la
contribución de otras actividades humanas (IPCC 2001).</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La
temperatura del planeta aumentó en aproximadamente 0.6ºC durante el siglo XX.
Desde 1861, la década más caliente ha sido la de los años noventa, y el año más
caluroso fue 1998 (Depledge 2002). Esta tendencia se ha atribuido a la
acumulación de CO2 y de otros gases en la atmósfera, derivados de la actividad
humana (ver los capítulos ¿Qué es el efecto invernadero?, de R. Garduño, y Los
gases regulados por la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio
Climático, de D. H. Cuatecontzi y J. Gasca, en esta sección).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">El
objetivo fundamental de este capítulo es el de presentar la información sobre
los principales países emisores de GEI, su contribución a las emisiones totales
y su índice de emisión por habitante, así como establecer el papel de nuestro
país en el contexto mundial.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En
este capítulo también se analiza la información del tema durante la última
centuria, iniciándose con una visión global de las aportaciones al efecto
invernadero de las emisiones de CO2, CH4 y N2O, y posteriormente se clasifica a
las emisiones en: históricas por región y país, y emisiones actuales por región
y por país.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">IMPORTANCIA Y CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS
GEI</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En la
gráfica 1 se muestra la contribución de las emisiones de CO2, CH4 y N2O al
efecto invernadero en el siglo pasado. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En la
gráfica 2 se presentan las emisiones históricas de CO2 y CH4. Se observa que la
tasa de crecimiento de las emisiones de CO2 ha sido mayor que la de CH4. Las
fuentes emisoras de bióxido de carbono consideradas para elaborar la gráfica
fueron: la quema de combustibles fósiles sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos, y la
producción de cemento. En tanto que las fuentes productoras de metano
consideradas fueron: las emisiones fugitivas derivadas de la producción y
suministro de combustibles, las minas de carbón, la quema de biomasa, la crianza
de ganado (fermentación entérica y desechos), el cultivo de arroz y los rellenos
sanitarios de basura.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En la
gráfica 3 se presentan las emisiones de CH4 de acuerdo con sus fuentes emisoras,
destacando la contribución de la crianza de ganado y el cultivo de arroz, y
siguiendo en importancia la quema de biomasa, los rellenos sanitarios y las
minas productoras de carbón, y, finalmente, las emisiones fugitivas resultantes
del manejo y almacenamiento de combustibles.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En la
gráfica 4 se presentan las diferentes fuentes de emisiones de metano y su
contribución en el año de 1994. Como puede observarse, la mayor contribución
proviene de la crianza de ganado y de los cultivos de arroz. En los últimos 50
años ésta no ha variado significativamente.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 1. </strong>CONTRIBUCIÓN PORCENTUAL DE LOS GASES
DE EFECTO INVERNADERO EN EL SIGLO XX</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="190" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu1.jpg" width="464" /><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: McKenzie 2001</span><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 2</strong>. EMISIONES HISTÓRICAS DE CO2 Y CH4,
EXPRESADAS COMO CARBONO</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="234" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu2.jpg" width="436" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">A toneladas de CO2= toneladas de
carbono *(44/12).<br />toneladas de CH4= toneladas de carbono * (16/12).
<br />Fuente: Marlan et al. 2003</span><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 3.</strong> EMISIONES HISTÓRICAS DE METANO Y SUS
FUENTES</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu3.jpg" width="445" /><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: Marlan et al. 2003.</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 4.</strong> CONTRIBUCIÓN PORCENTUAL DE LAS
EMISIONES DE METANO POR UENTE, 1994</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="222" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu4.jpg" width="488" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: Marlan et al.,
2003.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EMISIONES HISTÓRICAS DE CARBONO POR
REGIÓN</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Las
emisiones históricas de carbono producto de la quema de combustibles fósiles en
el periodo de 1900 a 2000, fueron de 261,233 millones de toneladas. Las emitidas
por Norteamérica representaron 32.2%, siguen Europa Occidental con 21.9%, Europa
del Este con 18.5%, Asia con 8.2%, Oceanía con 5.4%, Lejano Oriente con 5.0%,
Latinoamérica con 3.9%, Medio Oriente con 2.5%, y África con 2.4% (gráfica
5).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 5.</strong> CONTRIBUCIÓN PORCENTUAL DE LAS
EMISIONES HISTÓRICAS POR REGIÓN</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="257" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu5.jpg" width="417" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: Marlan et al.
2003.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 6.</strong> EMISIONES HISTÓRICAS TOTALES DE
CARBONO</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="249" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu6.jpg" width="469" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: Marlan et al. 2003.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Estados Unidos y Europa Occidental
han contribuido de manera similar a las emisiones totales durante el último
siglo. En la gráfica 6 se presentan las emisiones de ambas regiones y su
comportamiento a partir de 1900.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Por
otro lado, los índices de emisión per cápita han sido más altos históricamente
para Estados Unidos que para Europa Occidental (gráfica 7). En el primer caso se
han mantenido en valores de 5 toneladas de carbono por habitante por año, en
promedio, y en el caso de Europa Occidental estos.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 7.</strong> ÍNDICES ANUALES DE EMISIONES
HISTÓRICAS</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">DE
CARBONO PER CÁPITA</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu7.jpg" width="435" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: Marlan et al.
2003.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">valores han oscilado entre 2 y 3.
En ambos casos, estos valores están por encima del promedio mundial, que es
ligeramente superior a una tonelada de carbono por habitante por
año.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EMISIONES HISTÓRICAS POR
PAÍS</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">El
total de carbono emitido en el siglo pasado a partir de la quema de combustibles
fósiles fue de 261,233 millones de toneladas, en las que 19 países contribuyeron
con 82.8% de las emisiones, y el resto del mundo contribuyó con el
17.2%.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">México emitió 2,627 millones de
toneladas de carbono que corresponden al 1% de las emisiones totales durante el
período considerado (1900-2000), ubicándose en la posición número 15, junto con
la ahora República Checa y Bélgica cuyas emisiones fueron similares (ver el
capítulo Los gases de efecto invernadero y sus emisiones en México, de L. G.
Ruiz y X. Cruz, en esta sección).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 8.</strong> EMISIONES HISTÓRICAS DE CARBONO POR
PAÍS, 1900-2000</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu8.jpg" width="567" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fuentes: Marlan et al. 2003;
IEA-OECD 2002.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EMISIONES ACTUALES POR
REGIÓN</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Para
observar la contribución de los países a las emisiones en el año 2000,
expresadas en términos de carbono, se ha tomado la distribución regional de los
países, como se muestra en la gráfica 9. Esta distribución clasifica a los
países en nueve regiones, las cuales en su conjunto emitieron 6,388 millones de
toneladas de carbono.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 9.</strong> CONTRIBUCIÓN PORCENTUAL DE LAS
EMISIONES DE CARBONO POR REGIÓN EN EL AÑO 2000</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu9.jpg" width="419" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: IEA-OECD
2002.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En
las nueve regiones consideradas existen ciertos países que tienen mayor
contribución; tal es el caso de Estados Unidos, que aporta 92.6% de la región de
Norteamérica. En Asia, China aporta 92.6% de las emisiones de esta región y es
el principal productor de carbón y cemento en el mundo. En Europa del Este
influyen Rusia y Ucrania. En el Lejano Oriente 56.5% de las emisiones de la
región son aportadas por la India y Corea del Sur, en tanto que Indonesia,
Taiwán, Tailandia, Pakistán, Malasia, Singapur y Filipinas contribuyen con 40%
(Marlan et.al. 2003).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En
Europa Occidental dominan Alemania, Reino Unido, Italia, Francia y España, los
cuales contribuyen con 74% de las emisiones de la región. Alemania es el segundo
país importador de gas natural y el cuarto de crudo. En Oceanía, Japón y
Australia contribuyen con 97% de las emisiones. Japón es el principal país
importador de carbón y gas licuado en el mundo, el segundo de crudo y el tercero
de gas natural. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En la
región de Centro y Sudamérica, México y Brasil contribuyen con 51.6% de las
emisiones; México contribuye con 98 de las 359 millones de toneladas de carbono
que se emiten en la región. Otros países que emiten más de 10 millones de
toneladas de carbono son: Venezuela (34.3), Argentina (37.6), Colombia (17.4) y
Chile (17.1).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">El
índice de emisión promedio de la región es inferior a 0.75 toneladas de carbono
por habitante por año, y de 1.1 toneladas por habitante por año para México y
Chile, de 1.0 para Argentina, en tanto que para Brasil es de 0.5 toneladas de
carbono por habitante por año (Marlan et al., 2003).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En
Medio Oriente Arabia Saudita, Irán y Turquía, aportan el 62% de las 339 millones
de toneladas de emisiones de carbono estimadas. En tanto que África está
dominada por Sudáfrica, que contribuye con 42% de las emisiones, y otro 37% de
las mismas es aportado por Egipto, Nigeria, Libia y Algeria. El índice de
emisión promedio tiene un valor menor a 0.1 toneladas de carbono por habitante
por año para 31 de las 54 naciones africanas, siendo superior en Libia con 2.26,
Sudáfrica con 2.12, y Santa Elena con 1.17 (Marlan et al.
2003).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EMISIONES ACTUALES POR
PAÍS</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En la
gráfica 10 se presentan los 15 países con mayores emisiones de carbono
provenientes del uso de combustibles fósiles durante el año 2000. Como puede
observarse, el orden de los países cambia en relación con su registro histórico,
a excepción de Estados Unidos, que ocupa el primer lugar con 24.19% de las
emisiones, seguido por China con 12.79%, Rusia con 6.43%, y Japón con 4.93%
(IEA-OECD 2002).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">También se puede observar que
países como República Checa, Países Bajos y Bélgica ya no aparecen en esta
segunda clasificación, como sucede en las emisiones históricas debido a que
existen países como Corea del Sur y Brasil; cuyas emisiones actuales están por
arriba de las emisiones de los tres primeros países mencionados (Marlan et al.
2003, IEA-OECD 2002).</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>GRÁFICA 10</strong>. EMISIONES DE CARBONO POR PAÍS EN
2000</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="252" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/images/437arvizu10.jpg" width="525" /></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fuente: IEA-OECD
2002.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">CONCLUSIONES</span></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Las
emisiones históricas mundiales por quema de combustibles fósiles fueron de
261,233 millones de toneladas de carbono para la última centuria, y de 6,388
millones de toneladas para el año 2000. Se observa una tendencia en las regiones
y países industrializados, a excepción de Estados Unidos, de reducir las
emisiones en la última década.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">El
desarrollo industrial ha ubicado históricamente a Estados Unidos como el
principal país emisor de CO2, al contribuir con 30.3% de las emisiones
históricas y con 24.19% de las emisiones en el año 2000.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Existen 15 países que contribuyen
con 71.4% de las emisiones de CO2 mundiales por quema de combustibles fósiles;
entre ellos se encuentra México en la posición 12, con 98 millones de toneladas
de carbono, que representa 1.54%. Al considerar a México en el contexto de
América Latina y El Caribe, nuestro país contribuye con 27.3% de las emisiones,
con un índice de 1.1 toneladas de carbono por habitante por
año.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En lo
que respecta al CH4, este gas ha contribuido históricamente con 23% de las
emisiones mundiales de GEI, siendo sus fuentes principales la crianza de ganado
y el cultivo de arroz, y en menor proporción la quema de biomasa, los rellenos
sanitarios y las minas de carbón.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">BIBLIOGRAFÍA</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Depledge, J. 2002. Climate Change
in Focus: The IPCC Third Assesment Report. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The
Royal Institute of International Affairs. Briefing Paper new series No. 29.
</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency). Global Warming; Climate. Disponible
en:<br />http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/climate/index.htm.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">IEA-OECD (International Energy
Agency y Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2002. CO2
emissions from fuel combustion 1971-2000. París, Francia.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2001. Climate Change 2001: The
Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Technical Summary. Cambridge:
WMO-UNEP. Cambridge University Press.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">MacKenzie, J. 2001. Thinking long
term: Confronting global climate change. World Resources Institute. Disponible
en: http://www.wri.org/climate/longterm/ index.html.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Marlan G., Boden T. y B. Andres.
2003. Global, Regional and National CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center (CDIAC). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U. S. Department of
Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Disponible en: http:/ /cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/UNFCCC
(United Nations Framwork Convention on Climate Change). Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Database (GHG). Disponible en: http://www.unfccc.de/resources/
index.html.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">WRI (World Resources Institute). 2002. Contributions to Global
</span><span style="color: black;">Warming Map</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: black;">_________________________________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">-Las
principales fuentes emisoras de contaminantes.</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableColorfulShadingAccent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">plomo
y cobre y se produce principalmente como subproducto de la industria del
cinc.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Combustión.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Procesos
de producción de cinc, cobre y plomo.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Restos
de incineración.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Producción
de hierro y acero.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">4-
Arsénico</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">:
presenta una gran variedad de compuestos inorgánicos y
orgánicos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(165, 213, 226) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(75, 172, 198) white white; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Combustión.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Procesos
de fundición.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cl2
(cloro)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Características<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(165, 213, 226) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(75, 172, 198) white white; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fuentes
emisoras antropogénicas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Gas
de color amarillo verdoso y de olor sofocante<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Tóxico
en altas concentraciones<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(75, 172, 198) white white; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Petroquímicas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Industria
química<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">HCl
(cloruro de hidrógeno)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Características<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(75, 172, 198) white white; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fuentes
emisoras antropogénicas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Gas
incoloro de olor intenso e irritante<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(165, 213, 226) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(75, 172, 198) white white; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Petroquímicas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Industria
química<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Procesos
de limpieza y decapado de metales<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Incineradoras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Benceno<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(39, 106, 124); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Características<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(165, 213, 226) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(75, 172, 198) white white; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fuentes
emisoras antropogénicas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39, 106, 124) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Es
un hidrocarburo aromático, de fórmula molecular C6H6. Es un líquido incoloro a
temperatura ambiente. Es un compuesto orgánico
volátil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(75, 172, 198) rgb(75, 172, 198) white; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Tráfico
y otras fuentes móviles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Producción
de energía.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Calefacción
doméstica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">En
la tabla siguiente sólo se muestran las principales fuentes emisoras
contaminantes en el aire y los contaminantes más significativos que emiten. Por
lo tanto, esto no excluye la existencia de otras fuentes emisoras y emisiones de
más contaminantes de forma menos importante. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableColorfulGridAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Principales
fuentes emisoras antropogénicas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">SO2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">NO2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">CO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">H2S<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">COV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">HCl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cl2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">PST<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Pb<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(184, 204, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #660303; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Otros
metales pesados<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Centrales
térmicas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cementeras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Quemas
agrícolas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Depuradoras
de aguas residuales<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Extracción
de áridos y minería<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fábricas
de cerámica<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fábricas
de vidrio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fabricación
de pinturas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fabricación
de pasta de papel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fundiciones<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Incineradoras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Industria
de curtidos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Industria
química<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Industria
que utiliza disolventes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Plantas
asfálticas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Procesos
de combustión: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">gas
natural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">combustibles
líquidos y sólidos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Procesos
de molturación<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Refinerías<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Transporte:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">gasolina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">gasoil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) white; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(54, 95, 145) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">sin
plomo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td>
<td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(219, 229, 241) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;">_______________________________________________________________</span></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> <span style="background-color: yellow; color: black;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="background-color: yellow;">El ozono, su formación en la atmósfera como
resultado de la combustión de hidrocarburos. Su efecto sobre la
salud.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">EL
ozono es un gas cuyas moléculas están formadas por tres átomos de oxígeno(O3),
uno más que las moléculas de oxígeno que respiramos. La capa de ozono se fue
engrosando a medida que fue aumentando la cantidad de oxígeno. Esto es así
porque su formación se debe a reacciones químicas entre el oxígeno y los rayos
ultravioletas.<br />En la atmósfera, el ozono se concentra en un estrecha franja
de la estratosfera, entre los 20 y 40 kilómetros de altura, formando la llamada
capa de ozono, un elemento decisivo para la vida en el planeta. En efecto, la
capa de ozono es para los seres vivos como un paraguas protector frente a los
peligrosísimos rayos ultravioletas. Si estas radiaciones alcanzaran la
superficie terrestre sin pasar por el filtro del ozono, causarían entre otros
muchos efectos dañinos, la destrucción del fitoplacton, base de todas las
cadenas alimentarias del océano, por lo que peligrarían todos los organismos
marinos; en el hombre, la radiación ultravioleta causaría un debilitamiento
general del sistema inmunológico, importantes daños en la vista, y un aumento de
casos de cáncer de piel.<br />En 1974, dos científicos estadounidenses Sherwood
Rowland y Mario Molina descubrieron que los CFC, sustancias muy utilizadas en la
industria, destruyen el ozono.<br />Rowland y Molina fueron atacados por las
empresas productoras, pero pocos años después se detectó que con la llegada de
la primavera, el espesor de la capa de ozono sobre la Antártida era anormalmente
delgado y se comprobó que la causa era el uso de CFC. En 1987, 40 países
industrializados pactaron en Montreal la reducción de la producción de CFC en un
50% en el año 2000. En 1990 la Argentina firmó el protocolo.</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">El
ozono, el ingrediente principal del smog, presenta un problema serio para la
calidad del aire en muchas partes de los Estados Unidos. Aún a niveles bajos, el
ozono puede causar un número de problemas respiratorios. Usted puede tomar unos
pasos sencillos, descritos en este folleto, para protegerse del
ozono.</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype></span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="198" src="http://airnow.gov/images/smog.jpg" vspace="2" width="300" /><br /><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">El ozono es el ingrediente principal del
smog.</span></span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: blue; font-size: 12pt;">El
ozono es un gas que ocurre tanto en la atmósfera superior de la Tierra como a
nivel del suelo. El ozono puede ser bueno o malo, dependiendo de dónde se
encuentra en la atmósfera: </span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #316ac5; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Ozono
Bueno</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">.Este
ozono se encuentra en la atmósfera superior de la Tierra-10 a 30 millas sobre la
superficie de la Tierra-donde forma una capa que nos protege de los rayos
dañinos ultravioleta del sol. </span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Ozono
Malo</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">.Este
se forma en la atmósfera inferior de la Tierra, cerca del nivel del suelo. Este
ozono se forma como resultado de una reacción química, en presencia de la luz
solar, entre los contaminantes emitidos por los automóviles, las plantas de
energía, las calderas industriales, las refinerías, las plantas químicas y otras
fuentes de emisiones. La contaminación ocurre durante los meses de verano cuando
las condiciones del clima son propicias para formar el ozono al nivel del suelo:
mucho sol y temperaturas altas. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
</div>
</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ______________________________________________________________________________</span></span></span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Formación
natural del ozono. La capa protectora de ozono y su función en la preservación
de la vida.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">Es
una capa protectora de la atmósfera que se encuentra entre 15 y 50 Km de la
tierra. Está compuesta de ozono que es una forma de oxígeno cuya molécula tiene
tres átomos, en lugar de los dos del oxígeno común.</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 84pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Su
función es proteger el planeta de las radiaciones ultravioletas, pero cada día
su contaminación y destrucción crece. Consecuencias en el mundo. </span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">A
pesar de su frecuente utilización, el término "Capa de ozono" es entendido,
generalmente, de una manera que se presta al equívoco. El término sugiere que, a
una cierta altura de la atmósfera, existe un nivel de ozono concentrado que
cubre y protege la tierra, a modo de un cielo<span>
</span>que estuviese encapotado por un estrato nuboso. Lo cierto es que el ozono
no está concentrado en un estrato, ni tampoco por lo tanto, está situado a una
altura específica, si no que es un gas escaso que está muy diluido en el aire y
que, además, aparece desde el suelo hasta más allá de la
estratosfera.</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">La
capa de ozono se encuentra en la estratosfera, aproximadamente de 15 a 50 Km.
sobre la superficie del planeta. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
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<td style="padding: 0cm 3.5pt; width: 293pt;" valign="top" width="391">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">El ozono es un compuesto
inestable de tres átomos de oxígeno, el cual actúa como un potente filtro solar
evitando el paso de una pequeña parte de la radiación ultravioleta (UV) llamada
B que se extiende desde los 280 hasta los 320 manómetros
(nm).</span></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 3.5pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<img closure_uid_3pff6c="266" height="136" id="il_fi" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ea9aJ1fVck0/TSHRviRWdUI/AAAAAAAAACY/wqDL4UNwLlU/s200/AGUJERO+CAPA+DE+OZONO.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="200" /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 3.5pt; width: 293pt;" valign="top" width="391">
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 3.5pt; width: 224.45pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">La
radiación UV-B puede producir daño en los seres vivos, dependiendo de su
intensidad y tiempo de exposición; estos daños pueden abarcar desde irritación a
la piel, conjuntivitis y deterioro en el sistema de defensas, hasta llegar a
afectar el crecimiento de las plantas y dañando el fitoplancton,<span> </span>con las posteriores consecuencias que esto
ocasiona para el normal desarrollo de la fauna marina.</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">El
ozono es un gas tan escaso que, si en un momento lo separásemos del resto del
aire y que lo atrajésemos al ras de tierra, tendría solamente 3mm de espesor.
</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">El
ozono está en todas partes y a<span> </span>cualquier
altura. Incluso en los niveles estratosféricos<span>
</span>de máxima concentración relativa es un componente minoritario de la
mezcla de gases que componen el aire. En ninguna altura , llega a representar ni
el 0,001% del volumen total de aire.</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">Medio
ambiente.- Para el medio ambiente la capa de ozono es muy importante es decir,
la función de la capa de ozono es vital y sin ella, el desarrollo de especies
-tanto del mundo animal como del vegetal- no sería posible, sin olvidar que
también es imprescindible para la </span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.suite101.net/content/desastres-naturales-calentamiento-global-y-salud-a45544" target="_blank"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">salud</span></a></span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">
del ser humano. Son muchos los contaminantes y tipos de gas con los que el
hombre destruye el medio ambiente y contribuye a la contaminación atmosférica
(contaminación del planeta) con lo que la contaminación del medio ambiente y las
consecuencias de la destrucción de la capa de ozono son muy serias y lo podrían
llegar a ser mucho más en el futuro del planeta.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 200%; margin: auto auto 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: 200%;">__________________________________________________________________________________</span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</span></span>
</span></span></span><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">La oxidación de las impurezas de los
combustibles derivados del petróleo, formación de SO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>3</sub>
y H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. La lluvia ácida, sus efectos sobre el medio y los
seres vivos.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">El petróleo es una mezcla
compleja de <b><a href="http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/Quimica/Hidrocarburos.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">hidroca</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/Quimica/Hidrocarburos.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">rburos</span></a>,</span> </b>como
los alcanos, alquenos y cicloalcanos. Las moléculas de hidrocarburos están
formadas sólo por átomos de carbono e hidrógeno. En cuanto a sus principales
características, el petróleo es un líquido de consistencia aceitosa, olor
desagradable y color oscuro que se encuentra en depósitos subterráneos de la
corteza terrestre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">A continuación se muestran
algunas fórmulas de
los <b>hidrocarburos</b> llamados <b>alcanos</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<table align="center" border="1" bordercolor="#ff6600" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-left: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-top: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); color: black; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="33" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Metano</span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">CH<sub>4</sub></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="31" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Etano</span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="35" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Propano</span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="33" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Butano</span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="textodos"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo llaman oro negro y con razón:
actualmente, <b>el petróleo es la principal fuente de energía de nuestro
planeta</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<table align="right" border="1" bordercolor="#ff6633" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-left: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-top: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); color: black; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 0px; padding: 2px 10px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"><img alt="petroleo009" height="242" src="http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/imagenciencias/petroleoimage009.jpg" style="border-width: 0px;" width="200" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Basta ver las tremendas
congestiones y los miles de vehículos que se desplazan en todas las ciudades
para saber que es la energía que mueve al
mundo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">El uso del petróleo crudo
obtenido de vertientes o el asfalto producido por la evaporación y oxidación de
las filtraciones data desde tiempos
prehistóricos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">De acuerdo con la Biblia, Dios
dijo a Noé: “Haz un arca de madera resinosa y recúbrela con brea por dentro y
por fuera”, el Arca de Noé fue asfaltada por
completo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En el año 1200 a. de C. se
usaban en Babilonia lámparas de aceite mineral, descubriéndose más tarde la
mecha diseñada en lino, médulas de junco o ciertas
hojas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En el año 230 a. de C. Filón de
Bizancio construyó una lámpara con alimentación automática de combustible,
incorporando Erón de Alejandría, en el año 120 a. de C., un flotador que
regulaba incluso la intensidad de la luz.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">El “fuego griego” era una mezcla
de azufre natural, resina, bencina y cal viva. En el año 650,Calinico inventó el
lanzallamas, y en 941, mil naves del Zar Igor fueron incendiadas frente a
Bizancio.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #674ea7; color: yellow; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">*Formación de SO2, SO3 y
H2SO4*</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">
<div class="textodos" id="lateral" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Características: se pueden
formar dos óxidos de azufre: dióxido (SO2) y trióxido de azufre (SO3), si bien
aquél se presenta en una proporción mucho más elevada en las emisiones estables,
siendo el trióxido un compuesto inestable. Las dos especies son gases incoloros,
teniendo el SO2 olor acre e irritante.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Fuentes: el dióxido de
azufre, SO2, procede prácticamente a partes iguales de fuentes naturales
-oxidación del sulfuro de hidrógeno, H2S, en el metabolismo anaerobio de la
materia orgánica- y de fuentes antropogénicas, fundamentalmente procesos de
combustión estacionaria -en especial plantas termoeléctricas y, con menor
importancia, plantas de combustión industrial-. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Formación: se producen SO2
y SO3 en la combustión de toda sustancia que contenga azufre a partir de dos
reacciones; en la segunda de ellas, el equilibrio se halla desplazado hacia el
dióxido de azufre, debido a la inestabilidad del trióxido, en especial si existe
un metal que catalice la reacción: </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">S + O2 ↔SO2<br />2 SO2 + O2 ↔2
SO3</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<h2 class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Evolución en la
atmósfera:</span></span></span></span></span></h2>
<div class="textodos" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Oxidación heterogénea, en fase acuosa o
sobre la superficie de partículas, catalizada por sales de hierro y manganeso
presentes en cenizas procedentes de combustión:<br />SO2 + H2O →H2SO3 H2O2 + H2SO3
→ H2SO4 + H2O </span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Oxidación homogénea:
</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Fotooxidación directa, con luz de
longitud de onda de entre 240 y 400 nm: <br />SO2 + hv + O2 → SO3 + O
</span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Reacción con oxidantes en fase acuosa,
para dar ácido sulfúrico, H2SO4. </span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</span></span></span></ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span> </span></span></span></div>
<ul><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></div>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Efectos: los óxidos de azufre producen
necrosis en plantas en función de la dosis, alteración en los contenidos de
azúcares y proteínas y pérdida de productividad; causan irritaciones oculares y
respiratorias en animales a dosis elevadas; más efecto parecen tener los
sulfatos secundarios. Sin embargo, el principal efecto viene dado por las
reacciones que originan, produciendo ácido sulfúrico disuelto, origen principal
de la lluvia ácida, que es la deposición húmeda de ácidos; también existe la
deposición ácida seca. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La constitución de la lluvia ácida
puede variar, pero sus principales componentes son ácidos -tanto sulfúrico como
clorhídrico o nítrico-, así como sales de éstos; el componente en mayor
proporción es el sulfúrico por su mayor solubilidad. De esta manera, el pH del
agua de lluvia -que en circunstancias normales es ligeramente básico, entre 5.5
y 5.7-, llega a tomar valores próximos a 4.0. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Más adelante se trata la lluvia ácida
como consecuencia global de la contaminación, pero se adelantan aquí los
principales efectos que la lluvia ácida ocasiona sobre: </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">ecosistemas: acidificación de aguas
dulces, especialmente lagos, afectando muy negativamente a diversas especies,
especialmente piscícolas, y acidificación de suelos, causando lixiviación o
arrastre de nutrientes y movilización de metales pesados, que pueden
incorporarse a las redes tróficas, así como daños importantes en la vegetación
-decoloración y pérdida de follaje, deterioro de corteza y muerte-;
</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">materiales: aumento de la velocidad de
corrosión de metales, deterioro de materiales calizos (denominado mal de la
piedra), mediante la formación en superficie de sulfato cálcico hidratado, lo
que provoca desintegración y disolución del material, según la reacción
<br />CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</span></span></span></ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La lluvia ácida constituye un
importante problema en Europa centro-oriental y septentrional y en la parte
oriental de América del Norte, así como en áreas urbanas, en las que adquiere
mayor importancia la deposición seca. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En contraposición a la lluvia ácida,
existe también la lluvia alcalina, con elevada concentración de calcio, que se
forma en áreas con elevado aporte de partículas
calizas.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La lluvia ácida, sus efectos sobre el
medio y <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">los seres
vivos</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #674ea7; color: yellow; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"><img height="320" id="il_fi" src="http://www.ecologismo.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/medio_ambiente.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="240" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La lluvia ácida es una de las
consecuencias de la contaminación del aire. Cuando cualquier tipo de combustible
se quema, diferentes productos químicos se liberan al aire. El humo de las
fábricas, el que proviene de un incendio o el que genera un automovil, no sólo
contiene partículas de color gris (fácilmente visibles), sino que ademas poseen
una gran cantidad de gases invisibles altamente perjudiciales para nuestro medio
ambiente.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Centrales eléctricas, fábricas,
maquinarias y coches "queman” combustibles, por lo tanto, todos son productores
de gases contaminantes. Algunos de estos gases (en especial los óxidos de
nitrógeno y el dióxido de azufre) reaccionan al contacto con la humedad del aire
y se transforman en ácido sulfúrico, ácido nítrico y ácido clorhídrico . Estos
acidos se depositan en las nubes. La lluvia que producen estas nubes, que
contienen pequeñas partículas de acido, se conoce con el nombre de "lluvia
ácida".</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Para determinar la acides un liquido se
utiliza una escala llamada pH. Esta varia de 0 a 14, siendo 0 el mas acido y 14
el mas alcalino (contrario al acido). Se denomina que 7 es un pH neutro, es
decir ni acido ni alcalino.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La lluvia siempre es ligeramente ácida,
ya que se mezcla con óxidos de forma natural en el aire. La lluvia que se
produce en lugares sin contaminación tiene un valor de pH de entre 5 y
6.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Cuando el aire se vuelve más
contaminado con los óxidos de nitrógeno y dióxido de azufre la acidez puede
aumentar a un valor pH de 3. El zumo de limón tiene un valor de pH de 2.3. La
lluvia acida con mayor acides registrada llega a un valor pH de<br />Consecuencias
de la Lluvia ÁcidaLa lluvia ácida tiene una gran cantidad de efectos nocivos en
los ecosistemas y sobre los materiales. Al aumentar la acidez de las aguas de
ríos y lagos, produce trastornos importantes en la vida acuática. Algunas
especies de plantas y animales logran adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones para
sobrevivir en la acidez del agua, pero otras no.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Camarones, caracoles y mejillones son
las especies más afectadas por la acidificación acuatica. Esta tambien tiene
efectos negativos en peces como el salmón y las truchas. Las huevas y los
alevines son los más afectados. Una mayor acidez en el agua puede causar
deformaciones en los peces jóvenes y puede evitar la eclosión de las
huevas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La lluvia ácida también aumenta la
acidez de los suelos, y esto origina cambios en la composición de los mismos,
produciéndose la lixiviación de importantes nutrientes para las plantas (como el
calcio) e infiltrando metales tóxicos, tales como el cadmio, níquel, manganeso,
plomo, mercurio, que de esta forma se introducen también en las corrientes de
agua.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La vegetación sufre no sólo las
consecuencias del deterioro del suelo, sino también un daño directo por contacto
que puede llegar a ocasionar en algunos casos la muerte de la
especie.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Las construcciones históricas, que se
hicieron con piedra caliza, experimentan tambien los efectos de la lluvia ácida.
La piedra al entrar en contacto con la lluvia acida, reacciona y se transforma
en yeso (que se disuelve con el agua con mucha facilidad). También los
materiales metálicos se corroen a mucha mayor velocidad.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La lluvia ácida y otros tipos de
precipitación ácida como neblina, nieve, etc. han llamado la atención pública,
pero esta los considera como problemas específicos de contaminación atmosférica
secundaria; sin embargo, la magnitud potencial de sus efectos es tal, que cada
vez se le dedican más y más estudios y reuniones, tanto científicas como
políticas para encontrar soluciones al problema. En la actualidad hay datos que
indican que la lluvia es en promedio 100 veces más ácida que hace 200
años.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">_____________________________________________________________________________</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">El tipo de contaminantes que existen en el
aire de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México y su
peligrosidad.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><o:p><span style="background-color: white;">
</span></o:p></span></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La contaminacion atmosferica
fotoquimica en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Mexico (ZMCM), representada
principalmente por el ozono y las particulas suspendidas menores a 10 micras de
diametro, constituye un gran problema que afecta la salud de sus habitantes y
cuya solucion ha sido retrasada. Lo anterior como consecuencia de aplicar una
serie de acciones de tipo "prueba y error" en las cuales el conocimiento
cientifico sobre las causas, formacion, transporte y transformacion del ozono en
la atmosfera no ha sido aplicado con el rigor y seriedad que requieren
estrategias de control que sean adecuadas a las condiciones naturales, tecnicas,
sociales, economicas y culturales de nuestro pais.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Segun el Instituto Nacional de
Ecologica, en las 12 medidas para enfrentar el problema de la contaminacion por
ozono en la ZMCM, hasta junio de 1994 se habian invertido poco mas de 1,400
millones de dolares, sin que a la fecha se observen mejoras substanciales en la
calidad del aire. Por ello, es importante asimilar los errores y aciertos
registrados a fin de plantear lineamientos que lleven a un mejor aprovechamiento
de los recursos invertidos y cumplir con el compromiso social de asegurar una
calidad del aire satisfactoria para los mexicanos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: black;">A n t e c e d e n t e
s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Los mecanismos de formacion, transporte
y distribucion del ozono y de las particulas secundarias en la atmosfera urbana,
dependen de una combinacion de los siguientes factores fisicos: topografia,
meteorologia, clima y posicion geografica, asociados con emisiones de
precursores: oxidos de nitrogeno e hidrocarburos reactivos. Con el suministro de
combustibles no adecuados para su uso en la ZMCM, se complementan todos los
elementos para que nuestra atmosfera pueda fungir como un gran reactor, en el
que todas las condiciones de alimentacion de reactivos estan dadas para que los
fenomenos fisicos naturales locales funcionen como agitadores de esa mezcla
reaccionante y la radiacion solar actue como activador energetico de la
misma.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: cyan; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">S i t u a c i ó n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Para resolver el problema, se
definieron politicamente dos acciones de control: reducir el plomo y el So2
atmosferico ya que el plomo contenido en las particulas suspendidas totales se
encontraba muy por arriba del nivel recomendado (1.5 mg/m3/promedio aritmetico
trimestral). Asimismo, se presentaban efectos en la salud de la poblacion. El
principal emisor de plomo era el uso de gasolinas con concentraciones muy altas
de tetraetilo de plomo. Como los niveles de bioxido de azufre se encontraban muy
por arriba de los niveles maximos recomendados en la norma de Calidad de Aire
Mexicana, se decreto tambien la reduccion del uso de combustibles con alto
contenido de azufre (combustoleo); se recomendo tambien el uso de gas natural
como combustible alterno en las termoelectricas localizadas dentro de la
Cuenca.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Cabe señalar que el problema de ozono
en Los Ángeles surge en los años cuarenta por desconocerse el efecto en la
contaminacion atmosferica por las emisiones vehiculares, estancamiento
atmosferico y radiacion solar. En cambio, en la ZMCM surge treinta años despues
por la falta de atencion a la experiencia internacional y a la irresponsabilidad
de funcionarios en no aceptar recomendaciones, sugerencias e, incluso, llamadas
de atencion sobre la contaminacion fotoquimica en la Cuenca de
Mexico.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Asi, al aplicar en la segunda mitad de
1986 una medida de control de contaminacion por plomo en la ZMCM (reducir el
tetraetilo de plomo en las gasolinas), nuestras autoridades pasaron por alto la
experiencia de otros paises y programaron a corto y mediano plazo la
substitucion de combustibles con plomo y la introduccion paulatina de vehiculos
con convertidor catalitico e infraestructura de servicio; a la vez, el cambio
gradual en las refinerias de los procesos de produccion de gasolinas con nuevas
formulaciones sin tetraetilo de plomo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Como consecuencia inmediata de estas
acciones se incrementan las emisiones de hidrocarburos reactivos a la atmosfera
y de oxidos de nitrogeno: la "nueva" gasolina, con niveles de plomo mas bajos,
tiene un mayor contenido de hidrocarburos reactivos o bien los gases de
combustion son mas reactivos con el fin de restituir el octanaje perdido. A
pesar de que en la Memoria de Labores de PEMEX de ese año literalmente aparecia
dicha accion como parte de la politica de cambio de combustibles con menor
plomo, los funcionarios responsables del cuidado del ambiente de dicha empresa,
e incluso asesores cientificos oficiales, negaron sistematicamente este hecho,
asi como la responsabilidad de la paraestatal en el nuevo problema ambiental.
Obviamente bajaron los niveles de plomo en la atmosfera, pero el precio fue la
aparicion de niveles de ozono a una magnitud y frecuencia antes no conocidos y
que aun sufrimos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La evolucion historica de esos niveles
por arriba de la Norma Mexicana de Calidad del Aire para ozono (0.11 ppm maximo
en 1 hora) antes del cambio de la gasolina, y despues hasta 1995, se documenta
en los trabajos de monitoreo efectuados por la Seccion de Contaminacion
Ambiental del Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera de la UNAM. La deteccion de
este problema llevo a que esta institucion notificara y pusiera sobre aviso a
las autoridades responsables en ese momento sobre el peligro potencial que se
avecinaba si no tomaban las medidas adecuadas. Consistian en instrumentar un
control estricto de los niveles de tetraetilo de plomo y de olefinas en las
gasolinas, ya que se tenian suficientes evidencias de que, al no contar la flota
vehicular de la ZMCM de ese entonces con ningun dispositivo para controlar las
emisiones de precursores de ozono, los productos de combustion y los vapores de
esta nueva formulacion estaban generando hidrocarburos con mayor potencial
reactivo. Esta recomendacion fue acompañada, incluso, de otra para controlar las
emisiones evaporativas de gasolinas en terminales de distribucion y
almacenamiento y en las estaciones de servicio.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Tambien a fines de 1986 se anuncio que
las termoelectricas localizadas en el Valle de Mexico cambiarian su combustible
de combustoleo por gas natural a fin de reducir los niveles de bioxido de
azufre. Esta medida dio el resultado previsto en cuanto a la reduccion de este
contaminante. Sin embargo, nuevamente la falta de un estudio adecuado de las
consecuencias de un cambio de combustible en las emisiones producto de una
combustion a alta temperatura, dio por fruto el incremento sensible en las
emisiones de oxidos de nitrogeno. La combinacion de hidrocarburos reactivos con
los nuevos niveles de oxidos de nitrogeno, favorecio en mayor escala la
frecuencia de ocurrencia de mas niveles altos de ozono y de aerosoles
(nitratos).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En el verano de 1988 se establece el
programa de verificacion vehicular cuya primera etapa se vio rodeada por una
falta de conocimientos tecnicos de los verificadores asi como de gran
corrupcion, lo cual hizo inefectivo este programa, al menos hasta
1990.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En el invierno de 1989-90 se decreta
como definitivo el "Hoy no circula" con el proposito de disminuir de la noche a
la mañana la emision del 20% de contaminantes de la flota vehicular de la ZMCM.
Fueron inutiles las recomendaciones y llamadas de atencion de los especialistas
en el tema y de otros sectores de la sociedad, acerca de que el programa se
aplicara solo temporalmente, dando por resultado un incremento notable de
vehiculos pre-1990 en su mayoria en circulacion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Finalmente, en 1990 el gobierno de la
ciudad de Mexico acepta la existencia del problema y establece un Programa
Integral de Control de la Contaminacion Atmosferica (PICCA) en el cual se fijan
en una primera fase 41 compromisos entre los diversos sectores de la
sociedad.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Se inicia la venta de gasolina Magna
Sin la cual solo debe consumirse en vehiculos equipados con convertidores
cataliticos. Al inicio del programa para introducir este combustible, se
enfrentaron los siguientes escenarios.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Primero, los autos particulares
equipados con convertidores eran en su primer año relativamente pocos contra un
numero varias veces mayor de taxis y microbuses denominados "ecologicos".
Segundo, a pesar de que las autoridades y PEMEX conocian que estos transportes
publicos tenian un promedio de recorrido de hasta 150 km./dia, y por lo mismo un
requerimiento de combustible constante y mayor, se descuido significativamente
el abasto de Magna Sin, lo que obligo a que una gran mayoria tuviese que
consumir gasolina con plomo en mas de una ocasion (lo cual envenena el
convertidor catalitico), situacion dada a conocer a la opinion publica por los
diferentes medios. Por otro lado, se detecto que un porcentaje importante de
operadores de transporte publico con vehiculos con convertidor, cargaban
gasolina con plomo en lugar de Magna Sin en sus unidades. Por dos razones: la
primera; resultaba mas economico cargar gasolina sin plomo; y segunda, no existe
ninguna accion legal hacia quien realizase esta accion, ni hacia el operador del
vehiculo ni para el despachador del combustible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La combinacion de estos escenarios hizo
que un buen numero de los vehiculos equipados con convertidor a partir de 1990,
funcionaran con una eficiencia baja, pues el plomo de la gasolina que por
necesidad tuvieron que cargar en algun momento de ese año enveneno los metales
nobles del dispositivo. La consecuencia ambiental fue la emision sin control de
NOx e hidrocarburos reactivos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Es importante recalcar que los 1,400
millones de dolares invertidos hasta la fecha en medidas directas para controlar
del problema del ozono solo han sido efectivos para bajar temporalmente la
frecuencia de ocurrencias de picos de este contaminante, ahora presente en toda
la ZMCM. La calidad del aire no es mejor.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Tomando como base los conocimientos
existentes sobre contaminacion atmosferica fotoquimica, es posible establecer
los siguientes razonamientos aplicados al caso de la ZMCM:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La relacion de la concentracion de
hidrocarburos reactivos con la concentracion de oxidos de nitrogeno ha sido
reconocida finalmente en Mexico, como herramienta para definir y entender el
problema de la produccion de ozono en la atmosfera.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">El kilometraje acumulado en los
vehiculos de modelo posterior a 1991 (casi una tercera parte de todos los que
existen en la ZMCM), es cada vez mayor y por consecuencia el deterioro de sus
convertidores es paulatino. Surge entonces la necesidad de un cambio de tales
dispositivos que en las condiciones economicas actuales no esta al alcance de
muchos propietarios.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Se debera tener cuidado en no adicionar
indiscriminadamente MTBE, TAME o manganeso (MMT) como aditivos en gasolinas sin
plomo Incluso es necesario re-estudiar el porcentaje optimo a adicionar para no
seguir contribuyendo con emisiones de formaldehido a la atmosfera, por ser un
compuesto organico con uno de los mayores potenciales de formacion de
ozono.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">RECOMENDACIONES</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">1. Existe un problema ambiental grave
respecto a la contaminacion atmosferica por ozono y particulas suspendidas
menores a 10 micras en la ZMCM, Guadalajara y Monterrey.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">2. El problema de la contaminacion
fotoquimica afecta a casi el 80% de la poblacion localizada en la ZMCM. A pesar
del alto costo de las medidas implementadas para controlarla, solo han llevado a
que los niveles pico de ozono por arriba de 0.30 ppm disminuyan en su frecuencia
de ocurrencia, manteniendose un promedio anual mayor de mil horas (violaciones)
a la Norma de Calidad para ozono desde 1989. Adicionalmente, las particulas
menores a 10 micras, consecuencia secundaria de las reacciones fotoquimicas, aun
estan por arriba de su Norma de Calidad</span> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Anual, de 50 mg/m3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">3. Se deben aplicar medidas para
controlar las emisiones de los precursores de la contaminacion atmosferica
fotoquimica, acordes a la situacion economica actual y futura. Deben tomar como
base, tanto las condiciones de la quimica atmosferica presente en las zonas
metropolitanas, como la disposicion de recursos economicos por parte de la
poblacion para acatar disposiciones de las autoridades con el fin de
reacondicionar los vehiculos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">4. Se debe fortalecer y aplicar en el
tiempo mas corto posible la reformulacion de las gasolinas en terminos de menor
reactividad y vigilar los aditivos que se usan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">5. El uso indiscrimado de los aditivos
MTBE, causa la emision de formaldehido a la atmosfera en la ZMCM, el cual es un
organico precursor de ozono muy potente.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">6. Es necesario establecer mecanismos
para vigilar la eficiencia de los convertidores cataliticos en los vehiculos que
ya lo tienen, asi como alentar programas de credito para reponer los ya
ineficientes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">7. Al no ser posible la renovacion del
parque vehicular, se debe buscar e incentivar la instalacion de dispositivos de
control de bajo costo en la flota anterior a 1991 (que constituye las dos
terceras partes de toda la que existe en la zona), que permitan asegurar una
combustion mas eficiente; y como consecuencia, menor emision de contaminantes,
ademas de un ahorro en el consumo del combustible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">8. Se debe acelerar la instalacion de
controles de vapores de combustibles en las gasolineras. Esta medida garantiza
una reduccion de aproximadamente el 10% en las emisiones de hidrocarburos.
Ademas, no se justifica realizar mas estudios sobre cual tecnologia es mejor,
pues han sido probadas ya en otros paises.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">9. Se deben controlar a la brevedad
posible las emisiones de oxidos de nitrogeno de las termoelectricas localizadas
en la ZMCM, ya que esta es una alternativa segura para bajar los niveles de
oxidos de nitrogeno en la atmosfera.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">10. Las gasolinas deben ajustarse a una
presion de vapor baja, optima para las condiciones de altitud de las ciudades
mexicanas. Este factor fisico puede hacer que, aun con una presion de vapor
baja, a una altitud mayor a 2000 m.s.n.m. sea inefectivo para controlar la
volatilidad.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Por otro lado, debe buscarse disminuir
el contenido de benceno en las gasolinas por su potencial
toxico.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Es necesario establecer que cada region
tiene diferentes caracteristicas de temperatura ambiente, presion atmosferica y
ventilacion natural, por lo que definir un estandar unico de composicion de
gasolina reformulada para todo el pais no asegurara una reduccion del problema
fotoquimico y si puede acarrear problemas adicionales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Se recomienda continuar con el programa
de verificacion vehicular estableciendo mecanismos de vigilancia mas estrictos,
tales como la verificacion externa de los macrocentros y de las unidades de
verificacion. Se recomienda la verificacion anual.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Evaluar el impacto ambiental de las
medidas para controlar la contaminacion atmosferica, antes de implementarlas.
Estos estudios deberan ser revisados por la autoridad ambiental competente y, en
caso favorable, ser aprobados. Lo anterior es aplicable a medidas tales como la
reformulacion de combustibles en la ZMCM.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Es necesario establecer la
responsabilidad penal correspondiente para funcionarios del sector publico y
paraestatal que realicen ocultamiento, engaño, desvio de fondos o para beneficio
personal; o utilicen o manipulen la correcta interpretacion de la calidad del
aire y, como consecuencia, afecten con su actitud la salud de la
poblacion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Definitivamente, para llevar a cabo
soluciones al problema de la contaminacion atmosferica en la ZMCM, es necesario
contar con la voluntad politica al mas alto nivel, cosa que todavia no se ha
dado.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">____________________________________________________________________________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: Wingdings;"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;">La
contribución de la planta industrial de la zona metropolitana a la contaminación
ambiental.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Las tres grandes zonas metropolitanas
del país, la del Valle de México (ZMVM), Guadalajara (ZMG) y Monterrey (ZMM),
presentan problemas de contaminación atmosférica, producto de las emisiones
vehiculares, industriales, domésticas y naturales. Los programas de calidad del
aire, que se han desarrollado para estas ciudades han logrado la instrumentación
de algunas medidas de control, con la consecuente reducción de emisiones, y, por
lo tanto, con la disminución de los niveles de algunos contaminantes, como el
plomo, monóxido de carbono y dióxido de azufre (Semarnap 1997a; Semarnap 1997b;
Semarnat 2002). No obstante, aún se alcanzan con frecuencia concentraciones de
partículas y ozono que rebasan las normas de calidad del
aire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En los últimos años la exposición a
contaminantes atmosféricos, en especial a las partículas suspendidas, ha
generado una creciente preocupación, ya que estudios desarrollados durante la
última década muestran una clara asociación entre la exposición de la población
y el aumento en indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad. Además, de este grupo de
estudio se concluye también que no parece existir un umbral para la respuesta, a
lo que se suma el que no se haya identificado un umbral, es decir, una
concentración mínima por debajo de la cual no se detecten impactos a la
salud.<br />Por la importancia de las zonas metropolitanas del Valle de México,
Guadalajara y Monterrey, que son ejes económicos y poblacionales del país,
albergando a casi 25 millones de habitantes, así como por la relevancia de las
partículas suspendidas como contaminantes atmosféricos y sus potenciales efectos
en la salud de las poblaciones potencialmente expuestas, este artículo da un
panorama de los niveles, tendencias, composición y situación general de las
partículas suspendidas en las ZMVM, ZMG y ZMM.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Aspectos demográficos, urbanos y
ambientales en las tres zonas metropolitanas</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La contaminación atmosférica está
ligada con la densidad poblacional, el uso del suelo, el tamaño y el estado que
guarda el parque vehicular (los motores de combustión interna), y, con las
características y procesos industriales. Las zonas metropolitanas del Valle de
México, Guadalajara y Monterrey están densamente pobladas, cuentan con un
numeroso parque vehicular y con una importante planta industrial (cuadro 1), lo
que se refleja en la quema de grandes volúmenes de combustibles, emisiones
sustantivas de contaminantes y concentraciones elevadas de los mismos en sus
atmósferas urbanas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La ZMVM está integrada por 18
municipios del Estado de México, el sur del estado de Hidalgo, el sureste de
Tlaxcala y casi la totalidad del Distrito Federal (16 delegaciones). En esta
zona metropolitana se realizan mediciones de PM10 en 16 estaciones de monitoreo
(figura 1a).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Por su parte, la ZMG comprende a los
municipios de Guadalajara, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá y Zapopan. Esta zona
metropolitana cuenta con ocho estaciones de monitoreo atmosférico (figura 1b) en
las que se muestrean PM10.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Finalmente, la ZMM está integrada por
los municipios de Apodaca, Cadereyta, García, General Escobedo, Guadalupe,
Juárez, Monterrey, San Nicolás de los Garza, San Pedro Garza García y Santa
Catarina; en éstos se encuentran distribuidas cinco estaciones de monitoreo de
PM10 (figura 1c).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En las tres zonas metropolitanas la
erosión del suelo es la fuente principal de PM10. En la ZMVM el transporte
representa emisiones de casi la misma magnitud; en cambio, para la ZMG y ZMM,
aunque también es la segunda fuente de importancia, su contribución es muy
inferior (cuadro 2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En el caso de la ZMVM, dentro del
transporte, los vehículos a diesel, en sus diversas modalidades (vehículos de
más de tres toneladas, tractocamiones y autobuses) emiten alrededor del 29% de
las emisiones anuales de PM10 (Semarnat 2002). En la ZMG el sector transporte
genera tres veces más emisiones que la industria y los servicios en su conjunto.
Por último, en la ZMM el sector industrial representa el 6% de las emisiones de
PM10, en particular, la industria mineral no metálica, industria química y
productos de consumo de vida media (SEMARNAP 1997b).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span><div align="center">
<span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Las partículas suspendidas:
contaminantes atmosféricos</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Las partículas suspendidas son un
contaminante constituido por material líquido y sólido de muy diversa
composición y tamaño, que se encuentra en el aire. Las partículas constituyen
una mezcla de muchas clases de contaminantes, producto de una gran cantidad de
procesos naturales y antropogénicos. El riesgo que constituyen para la salud
puede estar asociado con sus múltiples características físicas y químicas, como
son el número, tamaño, forma, composición química y
concentración.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">El origen de este contaminante incluye
procesos de combustión en vehículos, principalmente aquellos que usan diesel,
industrias de fundición, pinturas, cerámica y plantas productoras de energía. La
erosión, las tolvaneras y los incendios forestales constituyen también una
fuente natural de partículas en el aire (Mujica et al.
1996).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Por su origen, las partículas pueden
definirse como primarias y secundarias. Las primarias son aquellas producidas
directamente por alguna fuente contaminante, como por ejemplo un camión a
diesel. En cambio, las secundarias son aquellas formadas en la atmósfera, como
resultado de la transformación y/o mezcla de gases y/o partículas
primarias.<br />Una clasificación frecuente para las partículas suspendidas se
basa en su tamaño, que se mide en términos de su diámetro aerodinámico. De esta
forma, las partículas suspendidas totales (PST) tienen un diámetro que va de
0.001 a alrededor de 100 micrómetros (µm) (Romieu et al. 1997). Las que miden
menos de 10 µm (PM10) se conocen como fracción inhalable; una vez dentro del
árbol respiratorio, dependiendo de sus propiedades específicas, se depositan en
diferentes sitios, como fosas nasales, laringe, tráquea, bronquios, bronquíolos
y sacos alveolares del pulmón (Lippmann 1989). Dentro de la fracción inhalable,
se encuentran la fracción gruesa, que incluye las partículas con diámetros entre
2.5 y 10 µm (PM10-2.5) y se sedimentan o depositan en vías respiratorias
superiores; la fracción fina, compuesta por partículas menores a 2.5 µm (PM2.5),
conocidas también como fracción respirable, porque puede penetrar hasta vías
respiratorias inferiores. En los últimos años se ha dado mayor atención a
partículas con tamaño menor a 1 µm de diámetro, que se conocen como fracción
ultrafina y a las que se parece atribuirse un mayor potencial de daño (EPA 2002;
Lippmann 1989; Rojas et al. 2003).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Los principales componentes de las
partículas son los metales (plomo, hierro, vanadio, níquel, cobre, platino y
otros), compuestos orgánicos, material de origen biológico (virus, bacterias,
restos de animales y plantas, tales como fragmentos de polen), iones (sulfatos,
nitrato y acidez) y gases reactivos (ozono, peróxidos y aldehídos), y, su núcleo
se forma frecuentemente de carbono elemental puro (EPA 1999). También se han
atribuido efectos en la salud a las partículas secundarias, compuestas por
sulfatos de amonio, nitratos de amonio y compuestos orgánicos secundarios, y
producidas en la atmósfera por reacción de los gases y las partículas primarias
con compuestos orgánicos reactivos (HEI 2002). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Las partículas suspendidas se han
asociado con efectos en la salud de la población desde hace más de cincuenta
años, con los episodios históricos de contaminación ocurridos en el Valle del
Mosa en Bélgica, Londres y Donora en Pensilvania, entre otros. Estos impactos en
la salud se han corroborado con estudios recientes en más de 150 ciudades,
incluida la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, con niveles de contaminación
muy diversos, incluso en algunas por debajo de los estándares de calidad del
aire vigentes en diferentes partes del mundo. También se sabe que hay grupos
poblacionales que pueden ser especialmente sensibles a los efectos adversos de
las partículas, como son los niños y las niñas, adultos mayores y personas con
enfermedades pulmonares crónicas y cardiopatías. El peso de la evidencia
científica proveniente de estudios toxicológicos y epidemiológicos llevados a
cabo en los últimos años sugiere que la fracción fina, procedente de los
procesos de combustión a altas temperaturas, puede ser la más relevante en
cuanto a efectos adversos sobre la salud, y, posiblemente, también la ultrafina
(que puede contener sulfatos, nitratos, ácidos fuertes, etc.), ya que al
penetrar hasta las vías respiratorias inferiores y llegar a los alvéolos, puede
desencadenar reacciones inflamatorias. Por lo anterior, es extremadamente
importante monitorear sistemáticamente las partículas finas y definir cuanto
antes un estándar de calidad del aire para su concentración en el ambiente con
la finalidad de proteger la salud de la población (Cohen et al. 1997;
Arribas-Monzón et al. 2001; Borja et al. 2000; Durando et al. 1999;
Hernández-Cadena et al. 2000; Lacasaña-Navarro et al. 1999; Martínez et al.
2000; Romieu et al. 1997; Rosales-Castillo et al. 2001). Cabe mencionar que hay
también evidencia sobre el posible efecto en la salud de las partículas de
origen geológico y/o de la fracción gruesa, que pudiera ser de una magnitud
similar al reportado para la fracción fina (Ostro et al. 1999; Castillejos et
al. 2000).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Las PST y las PM10 se adoptaron en
México como parámetros de evaluación y regulación de la calidad del aire en la
norma oficial mexicana NOM-025-SSA1-1993 (DOF 1994). Producto de los hallazgos
de estudios realizados recientemente en ciudades de Europa, Estados Unidos y
América, que reportan los posibles efectos para la salud de las partículas
suspendidas, como son los incrementos en los índices de mortalidad y los efectos
citotóxicos y genotóxicos de las partículas de la ciudad de México, y con el
objeto de incrementar la protección a la salud de la población, la Secretaría de
Salud trabaja en el proyecto de modificación a dicha norma, en conjunto con
otras dependencias y sectores interesados. Este proyecto de norma incluye una
adición muy importante en términos de gestión de calidad del aire y de salud
pública, ya que se propone normar a la fracción fina, con límites anuales y de
24 horas para PM2.5 (65 µg/m³ como promedio de 24 horas y 15 µg/m³ como promedio
anual). En cuanto a PST y PM10 se proponen reducciones para los límites de 24
horas; en el primer caso, de 260 a 210 µg/m³ y, en el segundo, de 150 a 120
µg/m³. Finalmente, se mantiene el valor de norma anual actualmente vigente para
PM10 (50 µg/m³ como media aritmética anual) (DOF 2002).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Las partículas suspendidas: tendencias
espaciales y temporales</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En las tres grandes zonas
metropolitanas del país se registran niveles elevados de PM10, con promedios de
24 horas (promedios anuales, medianas y valores máximos) similares para la ZMVM
y ZMG, pero muy superiores para la ZMM (cuadro 3).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En la figura 2 se presenta el
comportamiento horario de PM10 en las tres zonas metropolitanas. En las ZMVM y
ZMG se observa que las concentraciones horarias tienen una distribución bimodal
(figura 2). En la mayoría de las estaciones de la ZMVM las concentraciones
horarias más elevadas se presentan de las 8:00 a las 11:00 y de las 17:00 a las
21:00 horas, es decir, durante las horas pico de actividad vehicular, lo que
confirma que entre las principales fuentes de emisión se encuentran los
vehículos de pasajeros (INE-Semarnat 2003). Se observa (figura 2a) que la
estación Xalostoc, al noreste de la ciudad, ha registrado los valores más
elevados de los promedios horarios, destacando el año 1996 con niveles por
arriba de los 200 µg/m3 a las 9:00 de la mañana. En cambio, en la estación
Pedregal las concentraciones han sido más o menos constantes de 1996 al 2002 y
siempre por debajo de los 100 µg/m³ (figura 2b). Las diferencias entre las zonas
norte/noreste de la zona metropolitana versus aquellas del sur/suroeste no sólo
radican en las concentraciones registradas, sino seguramente en la composición
de las partículas. En la estación Xalostoc dominarían las partículas emitidas
por fuentes fijas, así como por erosión y resuspensión de partículas de suelo,
dado que se ubica en una zona fundamentalmente industrial, con caminos sin
pavimentar y suelos desprovistos de cubierta vegetal; mientras que la estación
Pedregal está inmersa en una zona residencial y de servicios, que recibe vientos
dominantes del este y noreste, por lo que habría una mezcla de partículas
primarias emitidas de los vehículos automotores y, también, partículas generadas
en el norte de la ciudad y transportadas hacia el sur por los
vientos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Para la ZMG el primer pico se presenta
en un horario similar al de la ZMVM, pero en la tarde ocurre entre las 20:00 y
las 23:00 horas. En esta zona metropolitana los valores más altos se presentaron
en la estación Miravalle (sur), rebasando los 200 µg/m³ en el año 2000 (figura
2d), mientras que en la estación Centro (figura 2c) los niveles se mantuvieron
por debajo de 100 µg/m³ en el periodo 1996-2002 (INE-SEMARNAT
2003).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Por último, el comportamiento horario
en la ZMM también presenta dos picos en las estaciones Noroeste y Noreste (no se
presentan estas figuras), mientras que en las tres estaciones restantes, Centro,
Suroeste y Sureste, sólo se observa el pico de las 7:00 a las 11:00 horas
(figuras 2e y 2f) (INE-Semarnat 2003). Este patrón horario puede deberse a que
la industria, la erosión de suelos, la resuspensión de partículas del suelo y la
vegetación, son fuentes de emisión de mayor importancia que los vehículos
automotores, por lo que las emisiones son más constantes a lo largo del
día.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Calidad del aire: comparaciones con los
valores normados </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">En las ZMVM y ZMG el promedio anual de
las concentraciones horarias de PM10 se ha reducido en forma importante en todas
las estaciones de monitoreo. Así, a partir de 1999 los niveles se han ubicado
muy cerca o incluso por debajo del valor de la norma anual. En cambio, en la ZMM
las tendencias han sido muy diferentes, ya que desde 1998 los promedios anuales
han rebasado la norma, con niveles que se incrementan año con año (figura
4).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">El panorama es menos alentador al
analizar los promedios anuales por estación de monitoreo en cada zona
metropolitana. En la ZMVM, para el año 2000, la norma anual se rebasó en las
estaciones Xalostoc (noreste) y Cerro de la Estrella (sureste). Asimismo, en la
ZMG se rebasó en tres de ocho estaciones de monitoreo, localizadas al sureste y
sur de la ciudad (Loma Dorada, Miravalle y Tlaquepaque) y, en la ZMM, la norma
anual se rebasó en las cinco estaciones de monitoreo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Al analizar la calidad del
aire con base en la norma diaria (cuadro 4) se observa que, en la ZMVM, 1998 fue
el año en el que se presentó el mayor número de días por arriba de norma; en
cambio, en el 2002 dicho límite sólo se excedió durante 10 días en las
estaciones Xalostoc y San Agustín. En cuanto a la ZMG la estación Miravalle
registró días con valores superiores a la norma diaria desde 1996 hasta el 2002,
aunque en este último año se observa una mejoría significativa en este
indicador. Para la ZMM, la norma diaria se rebasó con mayor frecuencia en las
estaciones Noroeste y Suroeste; de hecho, en esta última estación se han
incrementado los días en que se excede la
norma.</span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Concentraciones máximas diarias y
eventos de contaminación</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">La ZMVM presentó de 1996 a 1998
concentraciones máximas de PM10 que fueron significativamente más elevadas que
en las ZMG y ZMM (nota 1). Sin embargo, esta situación se revierte a partir de
1999 y hasta el 2002, cuando son la ZMG y la ZMM las que presentan las
concentraciones máximas de PM10. Así, durante 1999 y 2000 los valores más altos
se presentaron en la ZMG, y, desde el año 2001, la ZMM presenta máximos de PM10
significativamente superiores a los de las ZMVM y
ZMG.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">El período durante el cual la ZMVM
presentó las concentraciones máximas de PM10, que excedieron aquellas de las
zonas metropolitanas de Guadalajara y Monterrey, coincide con el registro de
varios eventos de contaminación por PM10. Así, durante los meses de abril y mayo
de 1998 se registraron concentraciones extremas en algunos días que superaron
los 500 µg/m³, llegando incluso hasta los 996 µg/m³, en las estaciones Cerro de
la Estrella, Netzahualcóyotl y Tlalnepantla. Estos picos se asociaron con
temperaturas extremas y muy baja humedad relativa, que en conjunto con la falta
de manejo y control de las zonas forestales, resultaron en una de las peores
temporadas de incendios forestales, consumiéndose más de 500 hectáreas en
territorio nacional y alrededor de 100 hectáreas de bosque en el Desierto de los
Leones durante el mes de abril y cubriendo de humo el cielo de la ya contaminada
ciudad de México (Toledo 1998).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;">Distribución de las estaciones de
monitoreo automático de PM10 en la ZMVM, ZMG y
ZMM</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/gacetas/460/images/part_fig1.gif" width="388" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;">___________________________________________________________________________________________________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Las
normas ambientales en México.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Normas para evaluar la calidad del aire
como medida de protección a la salud de la población.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Norma Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas.base/nom-020-ssa1-1993.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-020-SSA1-1993(112K)</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">. Salud Ambiental. Criterios para
evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente con respecto al ozono
(O3).</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span class="style2"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Norma Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas.base/nom-021-ssa1-1993.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-021-SSA1-1993(13K)</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">. Salud Ambiental. Criterios para
evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente con respecto al monóxido de carbono (CO).
</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span class="style2"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Norma Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas_base/nom-022-ssa1-2010.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-022-SSA1-2010(56K)</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">. Salud Ambiental. Criterios para
evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente con respecto al bióxido de azufre(SO2).
</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span class="style2"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Norma Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas.base/nom-023-ssa1-1993.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-023-SSA1-1993(13K)</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">. Salud Ambiental. Criterios para
evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente con respecto al bióxido de nitrógeno.
</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"> Normas que establecen los métodos de
medición para determinar la concentación del contaminante.</span>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NORMA Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas_base/CNV_034.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-034-SEMARNAT-1993
(108K),</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"> que establece los métodos de medición
para determinar la concentración de monóxido de carbono en el aire ambiente y
los procedimientos para la calibración de los equipos de
medición.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NORMA Oficial Mexicana</span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas_base/CNV_035.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-035-SEMARNAT-1993
(161K),</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"> que establece los métodos de medición
para determinar la concentración de partículas suspendidas totales en el aire
ambiente y el procedimiento para la calibración de los equipos de
medición.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NORMA Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas_base/CNV_036.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-036-SEMARNAT-1993
(165K)</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">, que establece los métodos de medición
para determinar la concentración de ozono en el aire ambiente y los
procedimientos para la calibración de los equipos de medición.
</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NORMA Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas_base/CNV_037.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-037-SEMARNAT-1993
(150k)</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">, que establece los métodos de medición
para determinar la concentración de bióxido de nitrógeno en el aire ambiente y
los procedimientos para la calibración de los equipos de
medición.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NORMA Oficial Mexicana </span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas_base/CNV_038.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">NOM-038-SEMARNAT-1993
(182K)</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">, que establece los métodos de medición
para determinar la concentración de bióxido de azufre en el aire ambiente y los
procedimientos para la calibración de los equipos de
medición.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Reciente Modificación
</span></span></span>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">Criterio para evaluar la calidad del
aire ambiente con respecto a material particulado. Valor de concentración máxima
de material particulado para partículas suspendidas totales (PST), partículas
menores de 10 micrómetros (PM 10 ) y partículas menores de 2.5 micrómetros (PM
2.5 ) en el aire ambiente como medida de protección a la salud de la población.
</span><a href="http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/med_amb_mej_amb_sima_normas.base/nom-025-ssa1-1993_new.pdf"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0099; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">(NOM-025-SSA1-1993.pdf)
</span></a><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">26 de septiembre de 2005 Modificación
de la NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-025-SSA1-1993, Salud ambiental.
</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
</span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"> ___________________________________________________________________________</span></span></span></span></span></span></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><o:p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Páginas electrónicas
consultadas:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/efecto_invernadero1.htm"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/efecto_invernadero1.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/arvizu.html"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/437/arvizu.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/ecologia/97/1197df2.html"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/ecologia/97/1197df2.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/dmah/menuitem.64be942b6641a1214e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=06a71de6eb927210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=06a71de6eb927210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&newLang=es_ES"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/dmah/menuitem.64be942b6641a1214e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=06a71de6eb927210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=06a71de6eb927210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&newLang=es_ES</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=elozono.page1"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=elozono.page1</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.edunet.ch/activite/wall/encyclopedie/pagozono/capadeozo.htm"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://www.edunet.ch/activite/wall/encyclopedie/pagozono/capadeozo.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://carolinetricot.suite101.net/funcion-de-la-capa-de-ozono-su-destruccion-y-las-consecuencias-a54099"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://carolinetricot.suite101.net/funcion-de-la-capa-de-ozono-su-destruccion-y-las-consecuencias-a54099</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/gacetas/460/particulas.html"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/gacetas/460/particulas.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</o:p></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"></span></span></span></span></o:p></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div>ezequiel lopezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294161576843475001noreply@blogger.com1